基于GRID的坡耕地退耕压力模型研究

坡耕地退耕还林还草作为保护生态环境的重要措施,已于2000年在长江上游及黄河中上游等地区进行大面积试点。然而,坡耕地退耕还林还草也引发一系列局域性和阶段性的复杂问题,如粮食安全保障、生态移民安置等。这些问题产生的重要根源是坡耕地空间分布差异导致的人口压力状况的空间差异。文章设计了4个基于GRID的坡耕地退耕人口压力指数模型,并以三峡库区的奉节县为例进行了模拟。     

Potential promoted productivity and spatial patterns of medium- and low-yield cropland land in China

With a continuously increasing population and better food consumption levels, improving the efficiency of arable land use and increasing its productivity have become fundamental strategies to meet the growing food security needs in China. A spatial distribution map of medium- and low-yield cropland is necessary to implement plans for cropland improvement. In this study, we developed a new method to identify high-, medium-, and low-yield cropland from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data at a spatial resolution of 500 m. The method could be used to reflect the regional heterogeneity of cropland productivity because the classification standard was based on the regionalization of cropping systems in China. The results showed that the proportion of high-, medium-, and low-yield cropland in China was 21%, 39%, and 40%, respectively. About 75% of the low-yield cropland was located in hilly and mountainous areas, and about 53% of the high-yield cropland was located in plain areas. The five provinces with the largest area of high-yield cropland were all located in the Huang-Huai-Hai region, and the area amounted to 42% of the national high-yield cropland area. Meanwhile, the proportion of high-yield cropland was lower than 15% in Heilongjiang, Sichuan, and Inner Mongolia, which had the largest area allocated to cropland in China. If all the medium-yield cropland could be improved to the productive level of high-yield cropland and the low-yield cropland could be improved to the level of medium-yield cropland, the total productivity of the land would increase 19% and 24%, respectively.     

无锡梅雨期湿沉降综合分析

利用2008—2014年梅雨期间酸雨观测资料及2014年6月16—27日降水个例加密采样资料,结合大气污染物资料分析了近7 a无锡梅雨期酸雨特征,研究降水过程中空气污染物、p H值、电导率的变化及降水对污染物的清除作用。结果表明:无锡市梅雨期酸雨年平均p H值呈现逐年递增趋势。降水过程中,颗粒物质量浓度显著降低;气体浓度变化受其自身日变化及排放源影响大于雨水的清除作用;样品的p H值、K值每个过程变化并不一致,K值变化与颗粒物质量浓度变化大致保持一致。降水、风对颗粒物质量浓度影响大于对气体浓度的影响。长时间连续降水时,降水对颗粒污染物的清除存在极限。小时雨量在0~0.5 mm时,降水对颗粒物浓度做负清除,其值反而略有增加;小时雨量在0.6~5.0 mm时,降水对颗粒物质量浓度做正清除;小时雨量达到5.1 mm及以上时,对PM_(2.5)和PM_(2.5-10)做正清除,对PM_(10)做负清除。降水对SO_2有稀释清除作用;对NO_2的稀释作用取决于其开始浓度值;对CO、O_3的清除作用不显著。     

1980-2010年冬季北极涛动季节内振荡的成因分析

采用NCEP/NCAR日平均再分析资料,对冬季热带外低频振荡(大气角动量收支及地形力矩)与AO(Arctic Oscillation)指数进行计算,通过功率谱和统计分析发现,它们都存在30~60 d的周期,大气角动量收支与山脉力矩的变化为正相关,且显著响应AO变化。通过动力学诊断分析初步认为,北半球两大地形的山脉力矩作用于纬向大气角动量,副热带纬向西风发生变化,改变南北西风偶极子结构,使得AO产生变化,而且在两大地形中以喜马拉雅山脉地形作用为主。通过对喜马拉雅山脉地区的动力学诊断发现,在高(低)AO指数阶段,喜马拉雅山脉地区激发准定常行星波并作用于副热带西风,导致副热带西风偏弱(偏强),高纬西风偏强(偏弱),因而AO偏强(偏弱),平流层极涡偏强(偏弱),极涡强(弱)中心偏向东北亚。     

青藏高原地区不同下垫面陆面过程的数值模拟研究

利用陆面过程模式Common Land Model(CoLM),选取青藏高原上3个不同下垫面观测站(藏东南站、纳木错站和珠峰站)的观测资料,对这3个野外观测站进行了单点数值模拟试验。根据3个测站的试验数据,对模式中土壤孔隙度和饱和导水率进行了优化,针对青藏高原地区土壤层薄的特点,对模式中土壤分层方案进行了调整。结果表明,调整分层方案后的CoLM模式对3个测站土壤湿度的模拟性能较原分层方案有明显提高,平均偏差均减小0.014以上。但是与观测值相比,藏东南站土壤湿度的模拟整体偏低,纳木错站和珠峰站则整体偏高。对土壤温度而言,3个测站模拟与观测的相关系数都达到了0.9以上,珠峰站偏差较大,调整分层方案后模拟的偏差有一定的改进。模式较好地模拟了3个测站的净辐射、感热通量和潜热通量的日变化和季节变化情况,调整分层方案后潜热通量的改进最为明显。     

Temporal electronic structure of non-resonant Raman excited virtual state of P-nitroaniline by 514 nm excitation via bond polarisabilities

We have studied the temporal bond polarisabilities of para-nitroaniline from the Raman intensities by the algorithm proposed by Wu et al. in 1987 (Tian B, Wu G, Liu G 1987 J. Chem. Phys. 87 7300). The bond polarisabilities provide much information concerning the electronic structure of the non-resonant Raman excited virtual state. At the initial moment by the 514.5 nm excitation, the tendency of the excited electrons (mapped out by the bond polarisabilities) is to spread to the molecular periphery, and the electronic structure of the Raman virtual state is close to the pseudo-quinonoidic state. When the final stage of relaxation is approached, the bond polarisabilities of those peripheral bonds relax faster than those closer to the molecular core, the phenyl ring. The molecule is in the benzenoidic form as demonstrated by the bond polarisabilities after relaxation.     

堆叠降噪自编码器的影像特征融合变化检测

提出一种基于堆叠降噪自编码器的影像特征融合变化检测方法.首先在影像分割对象的像素级特征和对象级特征分析、设计与提取基础上,通过像素级特征主成分分析与特征优选处理算法,实现遥感影像多类型特征融合并构建分割对象的多维特征向量;其次利用堆叠降噪自编码器的高维复杂数据处理能力,实现遥感影像多维融合特征的变化检测.实验结果表明,...     

JSCORS RTK GPS技术在土方测量中的应用

本文介绍了当今城市GPS应用的发展热点CORS系统的优势,并结合实例介绍了JSCORS RTK技术在某土方测量项目中的应用情况、作业流程,分析了测量时应该注意的问题。     

基于逐次投影寻踪的高光谱影像降维方法研究

提出了一种新的逐次投影寻踪方法,对高光谱数据进行降维处理,采用定量化的指标,通过对高光谱数据的多次一维投影,逐步选取有效成分,构建新的低维正交空间.     

长江经济带城乡居民福祉测度及其差异

通过构建城乡居民客观发展指数、主观幸福感指数和福祉差异系数,分析了2005-2015年长江经济带城镇、乡村居民福祉水平及其差距的动态变化过程和空间差异,探讨其影响因素与作用机制.结果表明:1)长江经济带及各省城乡居民福祉均呈上升趋势,区域城镇和乡村居民福祉指数分别由2005年的0.6653、0.5704提高至2015年...