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951.
水环境中污染物的迁移转化过程模拟和预测是水生态环境健康诊断、预测、预警及控制管理的重要基础。水环境数学模拟已经在国内外有了非常广泛的应用,并且成为国内外学者研究的热点。本文介绍了水环境数学模型的基础研究和应用现状,并提出其发展趋势和国内水质数学模型存在的主要问题。 相似文献
952.
闹枝铜金矿床是延边内生金铜矿集区内的典型矿床之一,矿体主要为含金黄铜矿黄铁矿石英脉型。笔者运用显微测温、激光拉曼探针,对其矿物内的流体包裹体进行了系统研究。实验结果表明:①流体包裹体的类型主要为气液两相包裹体,其次为纯气相、富气相包裹体及纯液相包裹体,还有少量含子晶的多相包裹体;②流体包裹体的均一温度为150~410℃,与黄铁绢英岩、石英-黄铁矿、石英-多金属硫化物及石英方解石脉4个矿化蚀变阶段相对应的流体包裹体的均一温度分别为350~410℃、290~350℃、210~290℃、150~210℃;③流体包裹体的盐度w(NaCleq)为1.74%~20.97%,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ矿化阶段成矿流体的盐度w(NaCleq)分别为2.396%~5.548%、2.24%~8.68%、1.74%~20.97%和6.3%;④流体包裹体的气体成分主要为H2O和CO2。结合前人的研究成果,笔者进一步确定该矿床的成矿流体具有深源岩浆热流体性质,在流体上升过程中曾发生过弱的沸腾作用,并在硫化物石英脉、多金属硫化物石英脉、方铅矿脉以及石英方解石脉形成过程中,伴有少量地下水或大气水的加入。 相似文献
953.
Jin-lan Xia Yi Yang Huan He Chang-li Liang Xiao-juan Zhao Lei Zheng Chen-yan Ma Yi-dong Zhao Zhen-yuan Nie Guan-zhou Qiu 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2010,94(1-2):52-57
The surface sulfur speciation of chalcopyrite leached by moderately thermophilic Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans was investigated by employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), accompanying with the leaching behavior elucidation. Leaching experiment showed that there was an optimum range of the redox potential for chalcopyrite dissolution. Leaching products were found accumulating during the leaching process, which might be jarosite according to the XRD analysis. The sulfur K-edge spectra indicated that chalcocite might be the intermediate sulfur compound under a critical redox potential, which might explain the existence of optimum range of the redox potential and provide an evidence for the two-step leaching model of chalcopyrite at low Eh. In addition, the results of sulfur K-edge spectra showed jarosite would accumulate on mineral surface, which might be the main component of the passivation layer. 相似文献
954.
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956.
Government policies intended to reduce flood losses can increase the potential for catastrophe by stimulating development
inside the floodplain, a phenomenon referred to as the “safe development paradox.” New Urbanist design has the potential to
both exacerbate and alleviate flood risks. Because they are built at relatively high densities, New Urbanist developments
can exacerbate risk by placing more people and property in harm’s way. Conversely, New Urbanist design features theoretically
better enable designers of New Urbanist developments to avoid floodplain portions of project sites than designers of conventional
subdivisions. Using a sample of New Urbanist developments in the US that contain floodplain portions within their boundaries,
this paper focuses on whether and why these developments locate built structures inside the floodplain. The authors find that
roughly 30% of the developments locate structures inside the floodplain, and that the odds of locating structures inside the
floodplain increase with the proportion of the project site located inside the floodplain and decrease with the presence of
government policies that prohibit residential development in the floodplain. The authors also identify confusion among government
planners regarding the distinction between pre and postconstruction floodplain boundaries. A subset of New Urbanist developments
is found to have built structures located outside the postconstruction floodplain boundary, but inside the preconstruction
floodplain boundary. This finding is cited as an example of the “safe development paradox” in action. The authors recommend
changes in New Urbanist design codes and local government floodplain management to increasingly direct new development away
from the floodplain. 相似文献
957.
Atlanta’s urban heat island under extreme heat conditions and potential mitigation strategies 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The urban heat island (UHI), together with summertime heat waves, foster’s biophysical hazards such as heat stress, air pollution,
and associated public health problems. Mitigation strategies such as increased vegetative cover and higher albedo surface
materials have been proposed. Atlanta, Georgia, is often affected by extreme heat, and has recently been investigated to better
understand its heat island and related weather modifications. The objectives of this research were to (1) characterize temporal
variations in the magnitude of UHI around Metro Atlanta area, (2) identify climatological attributes of the UHI under extremely
high temperature conditions during Atlanta’s summer (June, July, and August) period, and (3) conduct theoretical numerical
simulations to quantify the first-order effects of proposed mitigation strategies. Over the period 1984–2007, the climatological
mean UHI magnitude for Atlanta-Athens and Athens-Monticello was 1.31 and 1.71°C, respectively. There were statistically significant
minimum temperature trends of 0.70°C per decade at Athens and −1.79°C per decade at Monticello while Atlanta’s minimum temperature
remained unchanged. The largest (smallest) UHI magnitudes were in spring (summer) and may be coupled to cloud-radiative cycles.
Heat waves in Atlanta occurred during 50% of the years spanning 1984–2007 and were exclusively summertime phenomena. The mean
number of heat wave events in Atlanta during a given heat wave year was 1.83. On average, Atlanta heat waves lasted 14.18 days,
although there was quite a bit of variability (standard deviation of 9.89). The mean maximum temperature during Atlanta’s
heat waves was 35.85°C. The Atlanta-Athens UHI was not statistically larger during a heat wave although the Atlanta-Monticello
UHI was. Model simulations captured daytime and nocturnal UHIs under heat wave conditions. Sensitivity results suggested that
a 100% increase in Atlanta’s surface vegetation or a tripling of its albedo effectively reduced UHI surface temperature. However,
from a mitigation and technological standpoint, there is low feasibility of tripling albedo in the foreseeable future. Increased
vegetation seems to be a more likely choice for mitigating surface temperature. 相似文献
958.
试论火山岩油气藏成藏机理 总被引:24,自引:3,他引:21
全球100多个国家/地区在火山岩内或其周围发现了油气藏或油气显示,展示了火山岩油气藏勘探的广阔前景。火山岩已从油气勘探的"禁区"转变为了"靶区",成为油气勘探的新目标。火山岩储集物性较好,其本身可直接作为储层,各类侵入体与围岩相互作用还可形成与火成岩有关的圈闭。火山岩油气藏的烃源包括有机成因和无机成因两种。火山作用可以明显提高烃源岩内有机质的成熟度,加快烃的产生,促进油气运移,并为无机成因烃提供合成原料(CO_2和H_2等)和运移通道。虽然火山岩在盆地早期尤为发育,约占盆地充填体积的1/4,但是目前火山岩油气储量仅占世界油气探明储量的1%左右,勘探潜力巨大。中国沉积盆地内发育不同时代火山岩,火山岩储层与烃源岩匹配较好,无机成因气来源丰富,火山岩油气藏正在成为我国油气勘探的重要领域之一。 相似文献
959.
Mobilization of natural arsenic in groundwater: targeting low arsenic aquifers in high arsenic occurrence areas 下载免费PDF全文
研究表明饮用水中微小数量的砷会对人类健康产生不利影响.世界上居住在贫穷地区的人数超过了100万,目前他们正直接饮用来自含水层中砷离子含量(>10μg/L)非安全标准的地下水.砷有时称为毒中之王,在水环境中常常以五价氧化物形式出现.自2000年以来,许多国家开始执行更为严格的10μg/L(WHO认可的居民安全饮水标准)饮用水标准,可以确定地说,在世界范围内的饮用水中检测到砷的情况越来越多.亚洲地区砷中毒的人数比世界其他地区总和还多.最受影响的地区位于南亚和东南亚富砷带,环绕恒河一雅鲁藏布江-梅克纳河三角洲及恒河平原上游的冲洪积扇含水层、红河三角洲、湄公河和伊洛瓦底江;在中国境内包括内蒙黄河冲积盆地,山西大同盆地、新疆准噶尔盆地,其中的地下水富含砷和氟化物而引发砷中毒和氟中毒.尽管还未完全掌握其中的水文地质及生物地球化学作用的详细过程,但对大多数沉积介质含水层,在还原条件下砷离子容易从沉积介质转移到地下水中.孟加拉研究实例表明地质时期尺度的冲刷降低了沉积介质中的As和有机物含量从而形成低砷地下水.这一认识为孟加拉国的降砷策略提供了科学指导,是未来水文学,矿物学,地质学和生物地球化学方面很有意义的研究方向,并有利于地砷病区低砷地下水的可持续利用. 相似文献
960.
A.E. Kontorovich L.G. Vakulenko V.A. Kazanenkov M.B. Skvortsov P.A. Yan V.V. Bykov A.Yu. Popov L.S. Saenko 《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2010,51(2):147-158
This study provides a comprehensive sedimentologic analysis of the J2 prospective horizon (Middle–Late Bathonian) in the central West Siberian Basin. Based on the extensive dataset, it was established that structural complexity of this horizon is largely caused by a variety of depositional environments. Sedimentary facies of this horizon pass upward from widespread continental at the base, through deltaic or coastal-continental, to marginal-marine at the top. Change in the paleohypsometry of the study area reflects the distribution of depositional environments, in terms of the proportions of continental, transitional, and marine deposits. The study also shows that facies variability and change in depositional settings can have a significant control on reservoir quality, as well as its vertical and lateral distribution. Using a combination of detailed GDE reconstructions, structure contour mapping on the top and base of the J2 horizon, analyses of well test data, probability of reservoir presence, distribution of average porosity and permeability within different subenvironments, a composite map showing variations in the reservoir effectiveness in the J2 horizon was generated. 相似文献