Tetrahedral Plots of the Phase Relations for Basalts

The phase relations of quaternary systems are generally represented by projections onto ternary compositional planes. Such projections often obscure relationships that would only be evident in a three-dimensional tetrahedral plot. The tetrahedral plot requires that compositions of the minerals and melts be transformed into Cartesian coordinates. It is shown here how this transformation is carried out. The application is demonstrated by tetrahedral plots of experimental melt compositions of partially molten lherzolite. Furthermore, the plot can be used to evaluate whether or not a particular basaltic composition represents a primary melt. The methods are applicable to any four-component system.     

临震前地壳变形不动点现象与机制研究

在综合分析国内外地形变前兆研究现状的基础上,结合汶川8.0级地震前GPS、应变、重力等研究结果,提出临震前震源区域可能出现变形不动点现象。地壳变形过程中的不动点现象是临震前区域应力场进入临界状态的重要标志,是地震潜在危险区域划定的重要依据。借助不动点理论,给出汶川地震前变形不动点集合的演化,结合大区域地震活动空区与远场显著形变异常分布,探讨变形不动点现象发生的动力学背景,验证了汶川地震前地壳变形的不动点现象是大区域应力场有序运动的结果。     

Spatially controlled Fe and Si isotope variations: an alternative view on the formation of the Torres del Paine pluton

We present new Fe and Si isotope ratio data for the Torres del Paine igneous complex in southern Chile. The multi-composition pluton consists of an approximately 1 km vertical exposure of homogenous granite overlying a contemporaneous 250-m-thick mafic gabbro suite. This first-of-its-kind spatially dependent Fe and Si isotope investigation of a convergent margin-related pluton aims to understand the nature of granite and silicic igneous rock formation. Results collected by MC-ICP-MS show a trend of increasing δ⁵⁶Fe and δ³⁰Si with increasing silica content as well as a systematic increase in δ⁵⁶Fe away from the mafic base of the pluton. The marginal Torres del Paine granites have heavier Fe isotope signatures (δ⁵⁶Fe = +0.25 ± 0.02 2se) compared to granites found in the interior pluton (δ⁵⁶Fe = +0.17 ± 0.02 2se). Cerro Toro country rock values are isotopically light in both Fe and Si isotopic systems (δ⁵⁶Fe = +0.05 ± 0.02 ‰; δ³⁰Si = ?0.38 ± 0.07 ‰). The variations in the Fe and Si isotopic data cannot be accounted for by local assimilation of the wall rocks, in situ fractional crystallization, late-stage fluid exsolution or some combination of these processes. Instead, we conclude that thermal diffusion or source magma variation is the most likely process producing Fe isotope ratio variations in the Torres del Paine pluton.     

便携式Li-K分析仪的研制及其在锂辉石中锂的分析应用

我国锂钾主要矿产资源大多分布在西部偏远地区,其勘查找矿或综合利用迫切需要现场快速分析技术的支持。本文介绍了自行开发的便携式Li-K分析仪的主要性能及其在锂辉石中锂的分析应用。Li-K分析仪是一种基于大气压的液体阴极辉光放电光谱仪,以待测液体为放电阴极,实现了样品中Li、K等元素的原子化和激发。该仪器以光纤传导CCD光谱仪作为检测器,其波长范围为345~1015 nm,分辨率3 nm;以Li 670.78 nm和K 769.90 nm分析谱线,在仪器最佳工作条件下测定Li、K的精密度(RSD,n=14)均低于2%,检出限为0.03μg/m L,检测范围0.1~10μg/m L。研究表明,不同酸度和酸的类型对谱线强度影响较大,且存在显著的样品基体效应,标准曲线法分析锂辉石中Li的结果偏差高达267%;而标准加入法可克服基体效应的影响,获得与ICP-OES一致性较好的分析结果,为现场开展固体样品中Li的测定奠定了基础。     

河北东坪金矿地质地球化学特征

东坪金矿位于河北省崇礼区,大地构造处于华北地台北缘,燕辽沉降带与内蒙地轴结合处南侧,距尚义-崇礼-赤城深大断裂10km。区内出露地层主要为太古界桑干群变质岩系,岩性以片麻岩为主。区内断裂构造较发育,主要有EW向,NW向和NE向,其中以EW向的最为发育。 区内岩浆岩也比较发育,沿尚义-崇礼-赤城深大断裂分布,主要有小张家口超基性岩、水泉沟碱性杂岩和上水泉花岗岩。水泉沟碱性杂岩体呈EW向展布,向南北两侧倾斜,主要岩性为碱性长石正长岩、辉石角闪碱性长石正长岩、辉石角闪正长岩和角闪碱性长石正长岩等。     

Biogenic volatile compound emissions from a temperate forest,China: model simulation

Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) were measured using a relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) technique on an above-canopy tower in a temperate forest (Changbai Mountain, Jilin province, China) during the 2010 and 2011 summer seasons. Solar global radiation and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were also measured. Based on PAR energy dynamic balance, an empirical BVOC emission and PAR transfer model was developed that includes the processes of BVOC emissions and PAR transfer above the canopy level, including PAR absorption and consumption, and scattering by gases, liquids, and particles (GLPs). Simulated emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes were in agreement with observations. The averages of the relative estimator biases for the flux were 39.3 % for isoprene, and 27.1 % for monoterpenes in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons, with NMSE (normalized mean square error) values of 0.133 and 0.101, respectively. The observed and simulated mean diurnal variations of isoprene and monoterpenes in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons were evaluated for the validation of the empirical model. Under observed atmospheric conditions, the sensitivity analysis showed that emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes were more sensitive to changes in PAR than to water vapor content or to the magnitude of the scattering factor. The emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons (from June to September) were estimated using this empirical model along with hourly observational data, with mean hourly emissions of 1.71 and 1.55 mg m^?2 h^?1 for isoprene, and 0.48 and 0.47 mg m^?2 h^?1 for monoterpenes in 2010 and 2011, respectively. As formaldehyde (HCHO) is considered as the main oxidation product of isoprene and monoterpenes, it is necessary to investigate the link between HCHO and BVOC emissions. GOME-2 HCHO vertical column densities (VCDs) can be used to estimate BVOC emission fluxes in the Changbai Mountain temperate forest.     

2015年汛期气候预测先兆信号的综合分析

文章全面回顾了发布2015年汛期预测时考虑的先兆信号及其应用情况。2015年春夏季厄尔尼诺事件进一步发展,并由中部型向东部型转变,热带印度洋为一致偏暖模态发展;冬、春季北大西洋三极子为正位相;冬、春季北极海冰较常年略偏少,南极海冰偏多;冬季欧亚积雪增量略少,青藏高原积雪略多但气温偏高。通过诊断分析,认为2015年汛期预测的主导外强迫信号是太平洋厄尔尼诺事件和印度洋海温一致偏暖模态。同时参考动力气候模式的预测,在4月初的预报中,重点考虑了厄尔尼诺事件的强度和空间型变化对东亚夏季风环流的影响,有利于东亚夏季风偏弱,西太平洋副热带高压偏强偏西,季风季节内进程偏晚,我国降水呈南多北少型。在5月底的订正预报中,进一步考虑热带印度洋偏暖模态对副热带高压偏强偏西偏南的影响,以及南半球越赤道气流强度偏弱特征及对夏季风季节进程和强度的影响。经过综合分析,准确地预测了2015年东亚夏季风偏弱、我国夏季降水南多北少的布局,以及季节内主要气候事件的演变。最后对汛期气候预测存在的不足进行了初步分析和讨论。     

黔西南州区域自动站气象资料绘图系统的研制

随着气象服务的不断推进,用户对气象服务产品的要求越来越高,提高气象服务产品的质量对于基层气象台站来说显得至关重要。目前,区域气象站的建设已覆盖到各乡镇,将这些区域气象站资料用直观的色斑图来显示,可有效提高气象服务质量和服务水平。系统综合使用VB、Fortran、Gr ADS等技术,实现对区域自动站气象资料的查询、处理与绘图等功能,并可分县制作绘图边界和色斑图,为决策气象服务提供精美素材。     

榍石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年技术研究

榍石具有较高的U含量和封闭温度,是一种重要的适用于U-Pb定年的副矿物。然而,基体效应与普通Pb校正成为制约榍石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年发展的主要因素。本文以~(206)Pb/~(238)U为例,采用基体归一化因子(F_(AVG))评估了锆石与榍石U-Pb定年标准的基体效应,结果显示榍石F_(AVG)几乎都大于1.20,而锆石F_(AVG)明显都小于1.20,表明锆石与榍石U-Pb定年标准存在显著的基体效应。以BLR-1榍石标准为外部校准标样,OLT1榍石获得的谐和年龄1014.9±4.8Ma(95%置信水平,n=23,MSWD=0.32)与SHRIMP谐和年龄1017.1±3.6Ma及ID-TIMS谐和年龄1014.6±1.3 Ma在误差范围内一致,同时获得~(206)Pb/~(238)U、~(207) Pb/~(235) U、~(207) Pb/~(206) Pb加权平均年龄在误差范围内与其谐和年龄一致;而以91500锆石为外部校准标样,OLT1榍石获得的~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为891.3±9.5 Ma(n=23,MSWD=5.3),与ID-TIMS测得的谐和年龄相比偏低约12%。经~(207)Pb法校正后,TCB榍石获得的~(206)Pb/~(238) U加权平均年龄1015.6±6.2 Ma(n=16,MSWD=0.84)与ID-TIMS谐和年龄1018.1±1.7Ma在误差范围内一致。本研究表明,采用基体匹配的榍石标准为外部标样,利用LA-ICP-MS对榍石进行U-Pb定年也能获得与ID-TIMS相一致的年龄,精度(2RSE)小于2%。