高分辨率石笋记录的三峡库区小冰期气候变化

基于重庆水鸣洞石笋(NSM03)7个230Th年代数据和438个δ18O数据建立三峡库区1250~1750 A.D.时段分辨率约为1 a的δ18O记录。分析显示石笋δ18O值在1280 A.D.开始迅速偏重,在1300 A.D.附近偏到近500 a来最重,显示季风迅速减弱,库区进入小冰期。石笋记录显示小冰期存在明显的年代际尺度干湿波动,特别是在1400~1650 A.D.时段石笋δ18O值高频振荡,显示季风降水处于频繁波动期。功率谱分析显示石笋δ18O序列具有显著树轮Δ14C周期和ENSO准周期,揭示太阳活动是小冰期主要驱动因素,同时受到海气耦合作用影响。     

基于RBF神经网络的土壤铬含量空间预测

以广东省增城市为实验基地,采用随机采样的方法采集土壤铬含量样点,并将其分为训练数据集和检验数据集。设计4种样点布局方案,对前三组数据用RBF神经网络方法进行土壤铬含量插值,分析预测误差。研究发现,当样点较少时,RBF神经网络方法的插值结果较精确。而当样点数据为50时,误差较大,不能满足插值要求。通过插值结果的对比发现,较传统的统计学插值方法,RBF神经网络方法克服了平滑效应,特别是在数据较少的情况下,进行空间预测效果较好,是一种适用范围更广的插值方法。     

基于GM(1,1)的植物群落抗踩踏能力分析——以香格里拉高寒草甸为例

通过踩踏实验研究香格里拉高寒草甸植被对于踩踏干扰的耐受能力。以盖度为主要指标,先运用方差分析界定导致草甸植被相对盖度发生显著变化的踩踏强度范围,再结合GM(1,1)模型分析确定植物群落盖度不发生显著改变时能承受的最大踩踏强度。结果表明:(1)草甸植被相对盖度随踩踏强度增加而降低,且相对盖度减少程度和踩踏强度之间呈正相关但非线性的关系;(2)研究区草甸植被在踩踏强度介于200～500次和500～700次,相对盖度有两次显著的改变,(3)结合GM(1,1)模型的分析表明:生长季将踩踏强度控制在220人次/m2以内,可保持景区草甸植被景观无显著变化,即植被盖度仍达到未受干扰状况下的80%。     

Evaluating the Temporal and Spatial Urban Expansion Patterns of Guangzhou from 1979 to 2003 by Remote Sensing and GIS Methods

China has experienced and is experiencing expeditious urban expansion in the recent decades, especially in the coastal areas and big cities. Rapid urban expansion and dramatic changes of landscape have caused great economic, environmental and social impacts consequently. It is crucial to understand urban temporal, spatial expansion patterns and their related effects. In this paper, urban expansion of Guangzhou, a rapid growing city in south‐east China, from 1979 to 2003 is studied temporally and spatially. Four time ranges including 1979–1990, 1990–1995, 1995–2000 and 2000–2003 are designed and the urban expansion area, expansion rate and the spatial expansion pattern are discussed by using remote sensing data and Geographical Information System (GIS) tool. Two transects are designed along two axes of Guangzhou expansion and the structural of urban expansion patches at different orientations are compared in order to quantitively understand the urban expansion of Guangzhou during the past 24 years. The gradient analysis integrating multi‐temporal data is performed in order to analyze and compare the spatial and temporal dynamics of urban expansion. Two indices of compactness and fractal dimensional index are used to describe the urban developing pattern in the study time durations. And the influence of different types of traffic roads to urban expansion is evaluated using the buffer analysis of GIS. The results show that: (1) temporally, urban area of Guangzhou increase 296.54 km² from 141.15 km² in 1979 to 437.70 km² in 2003 and the increasing rate is up to 210.08%; (2) spatially, Guangzhou has different urban expanding directions in different stages and the general expanding directions are towards northeast, north, southeast and north in four studied time ranges; (3) transportation lines play a very important role in urban expansion of Guangzhou, but different types of road have different impacts. National roads and highways exhibit stronger control to urban expansion than provincial roads; and (4) expansion of Guangzhou has gradually changed from a compact pattern to leapfrogging and disordering patterns.     

The bedform morphology of Chinese sturgeon spawning sites in the Yangtze River

Quantitative measures of the relationships between channel morphology and the habitat use of Chinese sturgeon(Acipenser sinensis) can help management and regulatory agencies to quantify potential spawning habitats and develop recovery goals in view of the decreasing area of sturgeon spawning habitat.This study determined the specific bedform types at the pool-riffle scale and evaluated the slopes,aspects and bed load gradation composition of Chinese sturgeon spawning areas in the Yangtze River,China.A bedform differencing technique was used to objectively quantify the longitudinal riverbed profile into four distinct pool-riffle units that were independent of discharge.The vertical location of thalweg points within these units was quantified with a riffle proximity index.Chinese sturgeon spawning areas were mapped and correlated with the pool-riffle units,slopes and aspects.The results indicate that Chinese sturgeon spawning areas occur primarily in riffles.The majority of Chinese sturgeon spawning occurred at elevations greater than 75%of the difference in elevation between the nearest riffle crest and the pool bottom.The slope of spawning sites was distributed between 0.05 and 6.36,and the average aspects were 219.92 and 207.63,respectively.The bed load is mainly composted of gravel and pebble,sediment diameter concentrated on 50-500mm.These analyses of bedform morphology will assist regional fish managers in quantifying existing and potential Chinese sturgeon spawning habitats and will provide a quantitative framework for evaluating general ecological implications of channel morphology in the Yangtze River.     

WEBGIS技术在地震前兆台网中的应用

使用WEBGIS技术,结合地震前兆台网的实际情况,设计完成地震前兆台网的GIS展示工具.该工具以互联网为媒介,使用地理空间数据库存储的全国台站数据,对全国范围内的物理场分布在网络客户端进行发布,方便地震前兆台网用户获取数据,同时丰富地震前兆数据的展示方式.     

定量地震地貌学研究进展

定量地震地貌学以三维地震数据为基础,通过对地貌特征参数的定量分析来了解盆地历史、沉积过程和填充构架,在沉积体系定量分析和储层表征方面为一新方向.其主要研究内容包括系统地质研究、地震属性分析、地貌特征定量分析、沉积单元交汇分析和沉积体系影响因素研究等五方面,核心为多数据融合及沉积单元形态定量数据的利用.定量地震地貌学在冲积河道、三角洲、浊积水道、水下扇储层特征及结构研究方面已取得较大突破,在地层沉积定量研究、储集体规模预测方面具有较大优势和前景.     

Incorporating the LCIA concept into fuzzy risk assessment as a tool for environmental impact assessment

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a procedural tool for environmental management that identifies, predicts, evaluates and mitigates the environmental impact of development proposals. In the process of EIA, EIA reports, prepared by developers, are expected to delineate the environmental impact, but in practice they usually determine whether the amounts or concentrations of pollutants comply with the relevant standards. Actually, many analytical tools can improve the analysis of environmental impact in EIA reports, such as life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmental risk assessment (ERA). Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is one of steps in LCA that takes account of the causal relationships between environmental hazards and damage. Incorporating the concept of LCIA into an ERA as an integrated tool for the preparation of EIA reports extends the focus of the reports from the regulatory compliance of the environmental impact, to determine the significance of the environmental impact. Sometimes, when using integrated tools, it is necessary to consider fuzzy situations, because of a lack of sufficient information; therefore, so ERA should be generalized to a fuzzy risk assessment (FRA). Therefore, this paper proposes the integration of a LCIA and a FRA as an assessment tool for the preparation of EIA reports, whereby the LCIA clearly identifies the causal linkage for hazard–pathway–receptor–damage and then better explain the significance of the impact; furthermore, a FRA copes with fuzzy and probabilistic situations in the assessment of pollution severity and the estimation of exposure probability. Finally, the use of the proposed methodology is demonstrated in a case study of the expansion plan for the world’s largest plastics processing factory.     

湿地极危植物中华水韭孢子育苗及幼孢苗管护

采用土壤和改良的Knop’s固体培养基培养湿地敏感植物、国家一级保护极危蕨类中华水韭(Isoetes sinensis),并获得有性生殖苗;观察记录了配子体发育及幼孢苗发生各阶段的详细过程;总结了幼孢苗的人工管护技术;分析讨论了配子体发育与环境因素间的规律、幼孢苗复壮对策以及病虫害类别、病症及其防治措施等.研究结果表明,中华水韭孢子在22～28℃、光照强度为60 μmol/(m2·s)、每日光照14h和黑暗10h的条件下,可达到90.3％的成熟率;已完成中华水韭的生活史,掌握了孢子育苗及日常管护方法,获得孢苗5 000棵,长势良好,出现孢子囊,以期为回归原产地,拯救该野生种群及湿地保护提供一定的理论依据和可靠的技术支撑.     

Heavy metal pollution and assessment in the tidal flat sediments of Haizhou Bay,China

The heavy metal inventory and the ecological risk of the tidal flat sediments in Haizhou Bay were investigated. Results show that the average concentrations of heavy metals in the surface sediments exceeded the environment background values of Jiangsu Province coastal soil, suggesting that the surface sediments were mainly polluted by heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn). In addition, the profiles of heavy metals fluxes can reflect the socio-economic development of Lianyungang City, and heavy metals inputs were attributed to anthropogenic activities. Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were mainly present in the non-bioavailable residual form in surface sediments, whereas Cd and Mn were predominantly in the highly mobile acid soluble and reducible fractions. The ecological risk of the polluted sediments stemmed mainly from Cd and Pb. According to the Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), however, the adverse biological effects caused by the heavy metals occasionally occurred in tidal flat.