The effect of montmorillonite on the thermal decomposition of fatty acids under “bulk flow” conditions

The decomposition of palmitic (C₁₆), stearic (C₁₈) and behenic (C₂₂) acids with and without montmorillonite was studied in an inert atmosphere under isothermal (250 C) “bulk flow” conditions, using a CDS-820ZA automated pyro-analyser. The C₈C₂₁ hydrocarbons and the CO₂ evolved were determined. It appears that in this open system montmorillonite affected the retention time of the acids and hence the kinetics of the reactions rather than the nature of the hydrocarbons formed. The reaction kinetics were very sensitive to changes in experimental conditions.The rate of hydrocarbon formation depended on the chain length of the carboxylic acid. In the absence of montmorillonite palmitic acid tended to sublimate before appreciable amounts of hydrocarbons were formed, stearic acid decomposed to give a range of n alkanes and alkanes while behenic acid yielded only very minor amounts of hydrocarbons. The presence of montmorillonite retarded hydrocarbon evolution with stearic acid. The hydrocarbon with one carbon atom less than the parent acid predominated in all one hour runs and the yield was increased by the presence of montmorillonite. The amount of CO₂ evolved never exceeded 10% of the maximum possible. It appears that the reaction mechanism is complex with several processes occurring concurrently.     

Lithofacies features and mechanism of formation of “Zihe-type” time- and strata-bound iron ore deposits in central Shandong province

The Lower Palaeozoic system is a series of iron-bearing rocks consisting mainly of shallow sea-fades carbonates. On the basis of microfacies analysis of the carbonate rocks, the Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary sea basin is divided into two broad sedimentary-tectonic regions of four sedimentary facies and eight subfacies. The original iron-rich carbonates were deposited in saltlakes, lagoons, etc. of the restricted basins. Over the long geological history, the original iron formations were reconstructed to various extents by late tectonic processes. Geological observations and studies on the equilibrium mechanism of oxygen/sulfur isotopic fractionation and the composition and temperature of fluid inclusions in the minerals indicate that thermal brines played an important role in reworking of the original iron-rich carbonate rocks, which led to the formation of sedimentary-reworked strata-bound ore deposit.     

东亚大气环流与埃尔尼诺相互影响的一个分析研究

通过对多年地面气压和500hPa高度等资料的统计分析,本文发现在埃尔尼诺现象发生的前一年10—12月和当年1—3月,东亚和西太平洋地区的大气环流都有明显异常,主要特征是东亚有频繁强冷空气活动,且环流异常有由高纬向低纬地区推移的现象.冬季东亚频繁的强冷空气活动使西太平洋副热带高压位置逐渐偏南,造成中、西太平洋信风减弱,可能是埃尔尼诺发生的原因之一。 埃尔尼诺年夏季,由于遥相关机制,东亚及西太平洋中纬地区出现地面气压和高度场的负距平,西太平洋副高位置持续偏南. 基于统计分析结果,本文绘出了一个东亚及西太平洋大气环流与埃尔尼诺相互影响的模型。     

新疆乌鲁木齐地区冬季层积云研究——一个例的观测结果与分析

通过分析两个乌鲁木齐冬季层积云个例的观测结果,初步揭示了它发生、发展和消亡各阶段的结构演变情况及云的宏、微观结构情况,得出了有关该种云的发生、发展及消散过程的一些概念模式。     

Effective eccentricity for inelastic seismic response of buildings

The concept of effective eccentricity is generalized for inelastic systems to provide guidelines for estimating the maximum dynamic edge displacement and resisting element deformation of a single mass monosymmetrical system subjected to unidirectional ground excitations. Inelastic responses of three structural models having the same overall elastic responses are compared and the model which generally results in larger edge displacement is chosen as the structural model to be used to evaluate the effect of asymmetry. The inelastic effective eccentricity is calculated for different values of the system parameters, based on an ensemble of six ground motion records as input. It is concluded that, except for stiff structures having low yield strength, the elastic effective eccentricity curves developed previously by Dempsey and Tso can provide a reasonable or relatively conservative estimate for inelastic effective eccentricity, and these curves can be used to estimate the edge displacement and element deformation of inelastic eccentric systems.     

RESISTIVITY AND IP MODELING OF THE THREE-ARRAY DOWN-HOLE PROSPECTING TECHNIQUE*

The resistivity and induced polarization responses due to a number of IP targets for a down-hole three-array have been calculated numerically. The IP targets are approximated by triangle-faceted polyhedra; number and size of the facets are limited by the numerical procedure. Despite this limitation a number of profiles have been obtained for a sphere, lens, prolate spheroid and thin dipping slab. The profiles obtained do not differentiate between the shapes of the IP targets, but depend upon the vertical extent of the target within the search-radius of the borehole. The type curves produced could be of use for preliminary interpretation and in the field for planning the next stages of a geophysical survey. The lateral and vertical search radii of the borehole are increased by the use of such an array. For the bodies used it is estimated that the search radii are extended by 2.0 dipole units.     

Thermal radiation from cloudless skies in Granada

Summary Data on thermal radiation from clear skies obtained at Granada from May to November 1983 were utilized to carry out a detailed comparison between measured and calculated values of longwave radiation with several analytical and empirical equations. The goal of this work is to check the aplicability of these equations to Granada conditions. The results obtained for all the equations are quite satisfactory. Nevertheless, Idso's formula significantly overestimates our experimental results, probably as a consequence of the differences in atmospheric dust conditions between our test area and the location for which that equation was originally derived. A reduction in the independent coefficient, in accordance with previous results of other authors, provides a better fit to our data set and clearly shows the climatological dependence of the constants in the estimation equations.

---

Zusammenfassung Die von Mai bis November 1983 in Granada gesammelten Daten über Wärmestrahlung bei klarem Himmel wurden dazu verwendet, um einen detaillierten Vergleich zwischen gemessenen und errechneten Werten der langwelligen Strahlung aus verschiedenen analytischen und empirischen Gleichungen durchzuführen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Anwendbarkeit dieser Gleichungen auf die Verhältnisse in Granada zu überprüfen. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse sind für alle diese Gleichungen ganz zufriedenstellend. Idsos Formel überschätzt jedoch deutlich unsere experimentellen Ergebnisse, möglicherweise als Folge der unterschiedlichen atmosphärischen Staubbedingungen in unserem Testgebiet und dem Standort, für den die Gleichung ursprünglich abgeleitet wurde. Eine Reduktion des unabhängigen Koeffizienten, in Übereinstimmung mit früheren Ergebnissen anderer Autoren, bietet eine bessere Anpassung an unseren Datensatz und zeigt deutlich die klimatologische Abhängigkeit der Konstanten in Schätzungsgleichungen.

---

---

With 3 Figures     

Application of remote sensing for vegetation mapping — A case study along the northern coastal districts of andhra pradesh

The study deals with the application of Remote Sensing for delineating various vegetation types along the three coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh. The satellite imagery of the region is divided into three types depending upon tone and texture. Each type is correlated with the ground truth. The species composition has been given and discussed.