法国气象局的业务半球模式

一、引言 自1985年初以来,一个新的半球谱模式已在法国气象局的CRAY—Ⅰ计算机上业务化运行了。这个模式的目标是提供直到4天的准确的预报产品。尽管这个模式已经完成了它的任务,但还有几个问题必须逐步解决;热带附近的预报场和分析场之间的误差,由于变量从分析高度到模式高度来回插值引起的初始震荡以及在物理过程参数化中出现的缺陷,有关修改已在模式中采用并证明是有效的。这项工作很容易用纬向平均诊断的方法来做。这种诊断对于指出模式的缺陷和检验它们的订正是有用的工具。     

The French approach to managing water resources in the Mediterranean and the new European Water Framework Directive

The main content of the new European Water Framework Directive is presented. Within its river basin management approach, a special mention of coastal waters status is made. Among the issues at stake are the setting up of river basin management plans, including coastal waters, and water quality assessment system leading to an harmonized definition of quality objectives and their appropriate indicators. The Rhone-Mediterranean-Corsica Water Master Plan, launched in 1996, is considered to be well fitted to this river basin approach and the necessary tools which go with it. It shows up how a river quality assessment system (SEQ) can be adapted to the coastal waters and how it can progressively lead to an efficient set of publishable environmental and performance indicators. Since planning and implementation are devolved to the lowest appropriate level, a close look is then been given at how such a system can work at the local level through different selected case studies on the French Mediterranean coast. In conclusion, some guidelines are drawn up for future initiatives towards integrated coastal area and river basin management.     

Effects of spilled oil on microbial communities in a tidal flat

Effects of spilled oil on microbial communities in tidal flats were examined by use of a simulator for a tidal flat ecosystem. The simulator is composed of a wave generator, a tide control device, and a tidal flat. Sediment for the tidal flat was obtained at a natural tidal flat in Hiroshima Bay, Japan. After stabilizing the benthic organisms, fuel oil C was added to the surface of the flat at 1 lm(-2). Although the total number of micro-organisms remained at 1.5-3.5 x 10(9) cells g(-1) dry sediment irrespective of the addition of oil, bacterial communities which were analyzed based on the 16S rDNA showed clear changes after the addition of fuel oil C and after a subsequent recovery period. Bacterial colonies were randomly isolated from the oil-supplemented sediment during the experiments, and the isolates were examined for susceptibility to hydrocarbons in order to screen the oil-susceptible bacteria. The proportion of oil-susceptible bacteria in the isolates decreased with the addition of the oil. Oil-susceptible bacteria showed an inability to assimilate petroleum compounds as well as an inhibition of growth. The possibility of using oil-susceptible bacteria as an indicator of bioremediation in tidal flats was discussed.     

Effects of gas generation and precipitates on performance of Fe0 PRBs

Long-term reactivity and permeability are critical factors in the performance of granular iron permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). Thus it is a topic of great practical importance, as well as scientific interest. In this study, four types of source solutions (distilled H2O, 10 mg/L TCE, 300 mg/L CaCO3, and 10 mg/L TCE + 300 mg/L CaCO3) were supplied to four columns containing a commercial granular iron material. In all four columns, gases accumulated to approximately 10% of the initial porosity and resulted in declines in permeability of approximately 50% to 80%. In the columns receiving CaCO3, carbonate precipitates accumulated to approximately 7% of the initial porosity, with no apparent decline in permeability. The data indicate that precipitates formed initially at the influent ends of the columns, reducing the reactivity of the iron in this region. As a consequence of the reduced reactivity, calcium and bicarbonate migrated further into the column, to precipitate in a region where the reactivity remained high. Thus precipitation occurred as a moving front through the columns. The results suggest improved methods for PRB design and rehabilitation, and also suggest improvements that are needed in the mathematical models developed for predicting long-term performance.     

CSAO和VS NIIFTRI等高仪国际合作观测精度的初步分析

初步分析了PHAI在伊尔库茨克近14个月中观测的832组星的精度。PHAI创造了它历史上最多的观测星组数和最高的观测精度，1996年在俄罗斯地球自转参数服务系统中获取15％的权重，约为该系统平均仪器权重的3倍多。     

粒玄岩岩脉的磁异常和古地磁学研究

前言很多人相信在印度安得拉邦卡林钠加尔县有大量含铁石英岩.为了证实这里及附近外围到底有无这类岩石,在此县200平方英里范围内进行了地质调查和地球物理探测.结果只是在三个村庄(基斯塔拉奥巴里、马克达姆普尔和曼贾姆巴里)发现了规模不大的含铁石英岩囊状体,并排除了它们在地下有延伸的可能性.根据磁异常走向,认为地下有粒玄岩岩脉,错误地把粒玄岩当作了含     

鱼类习性、捕鱼条件与围网设计、制造的关系

在日本围网主要用来捕捉鲱、沙丁鱼、鲐、竹筴鱼、鳀、大眼鲱和金枪鱼。由于这些鱼类游速很快,所以作业时网具必须尽可能快速包围和收拢。作业成功与否主要根据起、放网的速度,其次是网具的沉降速度。网片材料选择围网的网片材料是十分重要的。材料最好具有快速沉降的性能。对于已加工过的材料的性能来说,较重和较硬的连续纤维网线是较好的。长纤维紧捻的网线比短纤维     

东南亚主要成矿带—各种地质力学条件相互影响的结果

东南亚大多数矿床构成五个成矿带.这些矿带中的矿床、矿种类型可用各种地质力学条件的反复出现及其相互影响来解释.从晚三迭世以来,东南亚地区被认为是和亚洲板块相连的一个不可分的大陆块,其三面与倾伏于这个地块之下的贝尼奥夫带毗邻.含有大量矿床及陆缘钙碱性岩浆岩带的岛弧产于贝尼奥夫带之上.斑岩铜、夕卡岩铜、铁和铅、火山岩型和热液型铅、锌、银、金、锡、钨和钼矿床与这些岩浆岩带有关.裂谷是地块中部占优势的走向断层作用造成的.一些锡矿床与同时形成的次碱性的非造山期花岗岩伴生.在古生代和三迭纪,东南亚地区至少属于三个不同的大陆块.这些地块为活动的大洋型盆地所分开.在贝尼奥夫带之上的地块边缘形成了铁、铜、铅、锑和锡矿床.以后这些矿床由于地块碰撞而占据大陆的最内部.一些岩浆铜镍硫化物及钛磁铁矿矿床与晚古生代大陆裂谷构造有关.这些古陆块的位置及成矿带形成的顺序可通过横向相分析及古地磁资料的研究来复原.东南亚显生宙的演变表明,这个地区的成矿性首先取决于地壳的类型.     

台湾省地震速报和地震早期警报系统的进展

报告了台湾省实时地震监测的最新进展,特别是中央气象局(CWB)开发的地震速报(RRS)和地震早期警报系统(EWS)的最新进展。该系统利用的是自由场强地面运动仪遥测传输的信号。为地震速报之目的,中央气象局从1995年起在大地震(M> 4级)发生后一分钟之内提供地震烈度图、震中和震级参数,并以电子信息文件形式提供给政府机构和科学家,其可靠性近乎完美,特别是对破坏性大地震而言。利用1999 年集集地震期间收集到的大量数据,得出了一组经验关系式,以此中央气象局能够在大地震发生后的几分钟之内,通过速报系统发布计算出的PGA、PGV和可能的破坏分布情况。这种近实时的破坏评估对震灾快速应急响应和救助行动的展开具有重要作用。快速确定震级是根据自动生成的有效子台网的前10 s记录来实现的。以此为基础,得出一个监测软件,据此我们能够做出30 s之内的地震速报。这是向更实际的地震早期警报迈出的重要一步。从2002年起,该地震早期警报系统已经在中央气象局运行。综合的地震报告大部分能在地震发生之后30 s内发布,平均时间为22 s。当地震发生在距城市不足66 km时由于典型地壳剪切波速为3 km／s,现时的操作系统是无效的,而对于离震源的距离大于100 km的城市来说,前导时间会增加到10 s 以上。在后一种情况下,几秒钟的前导时间将足以使预编程序的应急响应在破坏性强震到达之前启动。