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61.
Heat flux data collected from the Baiyangdian Heterogeneous Field Experiment were analyzed using the footprint method. High resolution (25 m) Landsat-5 satellite imaging was used to determine the land cover as one of four surface types: farmland, lake, wetland, or village. Data from two observation sites in September 2005 were used. One site (Wangjiazhai) was characterized by highly heterogeneous surfaces in the central area of the Baiyangdian: lake/wetland. The other site (Xiongxian) was on land with more uniform surface cover. An improved Eulerian analytical flux footprint model was used to determine “source areas” of the heat fluxes measured at towers located at each site from surrounding landscapes of mixed surface types. In relative terms results show that wetland and lake areas generally contributed most to the observed heat flux at Wangjiazhai, while farmland contributed most at Xiongxian. Given the areal distribution of surface type contributions, calculations were made to obtain the magnitudes of the heat flux from lake, wetland and farmland to the total observed flux and apportioned contributions of each surface type to the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Results show that on average the sensible heat flux from wetland and farmland were comparable over the diurnal cycle, while the latent heat flux from farmland was somewhat larger by about 30-50 W m-2 during daytime. The latent and sensible fluxes from the lake source in daytime were about 50 W m-2 and 100 W m-2 less, respectively, than from wetland and farmland. The results are judged reasonable and serve to demonstrate the potential for flux apportionment over heterogeneous surfaces. 相似文献
62.
A Modelling Study of Flux Imbalance and the Influence of Entrainment in the Convective Boundary Layer 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
It is frequently observed in field experiments that the eddy covariance heat fluxes are systematically underestimated as compared
to the available energy. The flux imbalance problem is investigated using the NCAR’s large-eddy simulation (LES) model imbedded
with an online scheme to calculate Reynolds-averaged fluxes. A top–down and a bottom–up tracer are implemented into the LES
model to quantify the influence of entrainment and bottom–up diffusion processes on flux imbalance. The results show that
the flux imbalance follows a set of universal functions that capture the exponential decreasing dependence on u
*/w
*, where u
* and w
* are friction velocity and the convective velocity scale, respectively, and an elliptic relationship to z/z
i
, where z
i
is the mixing-layer height. The source location in the boundary layer is an important factor controlling the imbalance magnitude
and its horizontal and vertical distributions. The flux imbalance of heat and the bottom–up tracer is tightly related to turbulent
coherent structures, whereas for the top–down diffusion, such relations are weak to nonexistent. Our results are broadly consistent
with previous studies on the flux imbalance problem, suggesting that the published results are robust and are not artefacts
of numerical schemes. 相似文献
63.
64.
为避免加剧弯曲溢洪道的不良振动,对弯道水流的挑流消能问题进行研究。通过试验研究的方法,提出了一种适用于弯曲溢洪道的新型挑流消能工,结合渠底超高法对弯道水流的干扰,使水流在质量力的作用下分流,有效降低和减小了回水的流量范围,增加了挑流水舌的纵向长度。通过对比两种不同凹岸边墙半径的弯曲束窄差动式斜切挑坎和弯曲连续斜切挑坎的回流、挑流和分流等特性,根据水流运动特性和流线的几何关系,提出了一种判断该新型挑坎发生回水的半理论半经验方法。研究发现高坎的收缩程度和凹岸边墙半径是影响分流和回水的主要因素,通过对高坎水流运动特性的分析,拟合流量、凹岸边墙半径与高坎折冲水流出流方向角γ的经验公式,推导了高坎分流临界角度γc的计算表达式,计算结果与试验测量结果吻合良好,可以为弯道水流挑流消能的工程应用和运行提供参考。 相似文献
65.
Wenjun Chen Michael D. Novak T. Andrew Black Xuhui Lee 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1997,84(1):99-124
Air temperature time series within and above canopies reveal ramp patternsassociated with coherent eddies that are responsible for most of thevertical transport of sensible heat. Van Atta used a simple step-changeramp model to analyse the coherent part of air temperature structurefunctions. However, his ocean data, and our own measurements for aDouglas-fir forest, straw mulch, and bare soil, reveal that even withoutlinearization his model cannot account for the observed decrease of thecubic structure function for small time lag. We found that a ramp model inwhich the rapid change at the end of the ramp occurs in a finite microfronttime can describe this decrease very well, and predict at least relativemagnitudes of microfront times between different surfaces. Averagerecurrence time for ramps, determined by analysis of the cubic structurefunction with the new ramp model, agreed well with values determined usingthe Mexican Hat wavelet transform, except at lower levels within theforest. Ramp frequency above the forest and mulch scaled very well withwind speed at the canopy top divided by canopy height. Within the forest,ramp frequency did not vary systematically with height. This is inaccordance with the idea that large-scale canopy turbulence is mostlygenerated by instability of the mean canopy wind profile, similar to aplane mixing layer. The straw mulch and bare soil experiments uniquelyextend measurements of temperature structure functions and ramp frequencyto the smallest scales possible in the field. 相似文献
66.
用大涡模拟方法研究地转强迫下的对流边界层流动和地表热力非均匀性影响.模拟重现了典型对流边界层的平均风廓线和动量通量垂直分布.地表热力非均匀性对区域平均风速和动量通量分布无明显影响,但边界层内的局地流动性状和湍流动量输送情况有系统性的改变.下风较热区近地面风速增强而高空流动受到阻塞,上风较冷区之上情况则正好相反.对应于平均流动场的畸变,地表较热区之上边界层大部可以出现动量向上输送的情况,较冷区成为大气动量下传的主要通道.地面应力在较热区增强、较冷区减弱的趋势明显. 相似文献
67.
土壤N2O释放通量季节变化的主要环境驱动因素研究 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
根据对贵州玉米-油菜轮作田、大豆-冬小麦轮作田和休耕地N2O释放通量的田间观测,研究了气候、农业活动和土壤性状对田间N2O释放通量季节变化的影响。结果表明,当温度适宜于反硝化作用进行时,降雨事件与N2O季节释放峰间存在明显的驱动-响应关系;形成N2O释放峰的最佳WFPS在48%-80%,气温在15-25℃;自然土壤冬春季N2O释放通量与温度间存在指数函数关系。施肥增加了土壤N2O释放峰的强度,而翻耕能形成弱的N2O释放峰,农业活动在一定程度上改变了释放通量的季节变化模式。土壤有机质含量的微弱差异对N2O的释放产生长远影响,三试验田N2O释放通量季节变化与土壤有效N含量间不存在直接的定量关系。 相似文献
68.
Xinzhang Hu Xuhui Lee David E. Stevens Ronald B. Smith 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,102(2):199-223
In this paper, we use a two-dimensional eddy-resolved model to investigate the instability of a parallel shear flow in a stably stratified boundary layer whose lower domain is occupied by a canopy. The results support our contention that wave motion in the canopy is initiated by shear in an air layer near the treetops. Significant modification by the wave motion of the mean velocity and temperature fields is found even before the wave reaches saturation. The wave fluxes of momentum and heat are not constant with height. Downwind tilting braids are found at the finite amplitude stage of the wave growth and could persist after wave breaking; these downwind tilting structures are believed to be the same as the temperature microfronts reported in the literature. We also present an analysis of the velocity and temperature fields of an observed wave event in the time-height domain and show that the simulation has captured the broad features of the observation. 相似文献
69.
Generalization of PhaseNet in Shandong and its application to the Changqing M4.1 earthquake sequence
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Waveforms of seismic events, extracted from January 2019 to December 2021 were used to construct a test dataset to investigate the generalizability of PhaseNet in the Shandong region. The results show that errors in the picking of seismic phases(P-and S-waves) had a broadly normal distribution, mainly concentrated in the ranges of-0.4–0.3 s and-0.4–0.8 s, respectively. These results were compared with those published in the original PhaseNet article and were found to be approximately 0.2–0.4 s l... 相似文献
70.
阿穆尔板块相对欧亚板块的欧拉运动 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
利用中国东北地区1998~2005年的GPS数据,结合俄罗斯、韩国和蒙古的部分GPS观测资料,用加权最小二乘方法以迭代的方式解算了阿穆尔板块相对欧亚板块的欧拉运动矢量。最终的33个测站的位移速率加权均方根残差(WRMS)为0.98mm/a。计算结果表明阿穆尔相对欧亚板块运动的欧拉极位于阿穆尔板块的北部边界外兴安岭东端(54.06±1.13°N,135.87±7.16°E),欧拉旋转量为0.099±0.00735°/Ma。 相似文献