Historical trophic evolutions and their ecological responses from shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: Case studies on Longgan Lake and Taibai Lake

The evolutions of diatom floras and the total phosphorous (TP) concentrations in the historical period were reconstructed for two lakes, Longgan and Taibai in the middle Yangtze River,based on high resolutional fossil diatom study from two sediment cores and an established regional diatom-TP transfer function. The TP concentration in Longgan Lake changed slightly in the range of 36-62 μg/L and kept its middle trophic level in the past 200 years. The changes of diatom assemblages reflect a macrophyte-dominated history of the lake. During the nineteenth century, the lake TP concentration increased comparatively, corresponding to the increase in abundance of benthic diatoms. The progressive increase of epiphytic diatoms since the onset of the twentieth century indicates the development of aquatic plants, coinciding with the twice drops of water TP level. The TP concentration in Taibai Lake kept a stable status about 50 μg/L before 1953 AD, while diatoms dominated by facultative planktonic Aulacoseira granulata shifted quickly to epiphytic diatom species, indicating a rapid expansion of aquatic vegetation. During 1953-1970 AD, the coverage of aquatic plants decreased greatly inferred by the low abundance of epiphytic diatoms as well as declined planktonic types, and the reconstructed TP concentration shows an obvious rising trend firstly, suggesting the beginning of the lake eutrophication. The lake was in the eutrophic condition after 1970, coinciding with the successive increase of planktonic diatoms. The comparison of the two lakes suggests the internal adjustment and purification function of aquatic plants for nutrients in water. The discrepancy of TP trends in the two lakes after 1960 reflects two different patterns of lake environmental response to human disturbance. Sediments in Taibai Lake clearly recorded the process of lake ecological transformation from the macrophyte-dominated stage to the algae-dominated stage. The limits of TP concentration (68-118 μg/L) in the transitional state can be considered as the critical value between the two stable ecosystems. Further work will be necessary to provide more evidence from the sediments in more eutrophic lakes for the primary inference. The reconstructive TP level and the inference of aquatic plants from fossil diatoms in different lakes, as well as their comparison provide a scientific basis for ecological restoration of eutrophic lakes in research regions.     

Application of Dangerous Probability Function in Risk Estimation of Surface Rupture Earthquake：Taking the Lingwu Fault in Ningxi1 Region as on Example

Based on the fitting on paleoearthquake data of intra-plate regions in the northern part of Chi-na and giving a statistical model of time interdependence,the potential damage earthquakes in a definite future period and characteristics of present shocks along the Lingwu fault have been analyzed by using dangerous probability function and some new data concerned.We have in-ferred that the fault has entered a period that earthquakes will probably occur.There exists a potential danger that a strong earthquake with Ms7.0-7.5 will occur in 10-100a.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987110000058

<正>The thermo-electric coefficients of twenty-six magnetite samples,formed either by magmatism or metamorphism,were tested by the thermo-electric instrument BHET—06.Results showed that the coefficient is of a constant value of about -0.05 mV/℃.It is emphasized that because every magnetite grain was tested randomly,the coefficient is independent of the crystallographic direction.This fact means the thermal voltage generated from a single magnetite crystal can be accumulated,and as a result a new thermo-electric field can arise when a gradient thermal field exists and is active within the earth's crust.Because magnetite is widespread in the earth's crust(generally appearing more in the middle-lower crust),there is more-than-random probability that the additional thermo-electric field can be generated when certain thermal conditions are fulfilled.We,therefore,used the thermo-electric effect of magnetite to study the mechanism responsible for the presence of abnormal geo-electric fields during earthquake formation and occurrence, because gradient thermal fields always exist before earthquakes.The possible presence of additional thermo-electric fields was calculated under theoretical seismological conditions,using the following calcu-lation formula:E= - 0.159(σ×△T×φ×ρ_2×[(h~2-2x~2)cosα+ 3hxsinα]/ρ_1(h~2 +x~2)~(5/2)).In the above formula,σis thermo-electric coefficient of magnetite,△T is the temperature difference acting on it,φis a sectional area on a block of magnetite vertically perpendicular to the direction of the thermal current.ρ_1 andρ_2 are the respective resistivities of magnetite and the crust,and h,α,and x,respectively,h is the depth of embedded magnetite block,αmeans the angle created by the horizontal line and ligature of the two poles of magnetite block,and x is the distance from observation point to projective center point of the magnetite block on earth surface.According to simulations calculated with this formula,additional thermo-electric field intensity may reach as high as n to n×10~2 mV/km.This field is strong enough to cause obvious anomalies in the background geo-electric field,and can be easy probed by earthquake monitoring equipment. Therefore,we hypothesize that geo-electric abnormalities which occur during earthquakes may be caused by the thermo-electric effect of magnetite.     

地震—电离层圈层耦合机理研究进展及问题思考

电离层探测是近年来发展比较迅速的地震电磁监测手段之一,为地震短临监测预测提供了新的技术思路和方法。本文回顾总结了21世纪以来基于地震电离层异常研究发展而来的多种圈层耦合机制,主要介绍了3类可实现数值模拟计算的耦合理论模型,包括附加直流电场模型、声重波和电磁波传播模型,并通过与实测数据对比分析了现有模型的矛盾和不足。最后综合现有观测系统,探讨了未来地震电离层耦合机理发展的主要思路和方向。      

FDR土壤水分传感器原状土壤标定方法研究

为获得测站准确的土壤水分传感器标定参数,利用自动土壤水分站点的大型原状土壤为样本,在实验室同时进行人工称重观测和仪器自动对比观测,得到一系列的人工自动测量数据,以人工称重数据为准对自动土壤水分传感器进行订正。由于采用原状土壤,样本土壤的质地、密度、土壤颗粒和结合紧密度基本没有受到破坏,订正后的自动土壤体积含水量值能更加真实反映台站实际土壤墒情,能够修订人工对比观测期间由于样本空间不足导致的不合理的田间标定方程。     

西藏羌塘盆地鸭湖地区天然气水合物成藏条件

近年来中国陆域冻土区天然气水合物调查研究结果表明,气源条件是制约羌塘盆地天然气水合物找矿突破的关键因素。为明确鸭湖地区天然气水合物成藏潜力,基于近年来的钻探调查成果,从陆域冻土区天然气水合物成藏系统理论出发,系统分析了影响天然气水合物成藏的冻土、气源、储集、构造等地质因素。分析结果显示,鸭湖地区局部具有较好的冻土、地温、气源、储集、构造及水源条件,具备一定的天然气水合物成藏潜力,继续寻找充足的烃类气源是下一步天然气水合物调查的主要方向。同时,选取钻探调查获取的地温梯度、气体组分等参数,结合音频大地电磁测深(AMT)冻土厚度调查成果,对鸭湖地区天然气水合物稳定带的厚度和底界深度进行了预测。结果显示,当甲烷为85%、乙烷为9%、丙烷为6%时,天然气水合物稳定带厚度与冻土厚度分布变化基本一致,稳定带厚度400~630m,底界深度400~680m。当甲烷为98%、乙烷为2%时,天然气水合物稳定带厚度急剧减薄,大部分地区仅有0~30m,最厚仅有150m,局部地区稳定带底界最深仅为240m。结合气测录井结果,认为渐新世唢呐湖组比上三叠统土门格拉组更具备天然气水合物成藏潜力,土门格拉组自身具备较强的生排烃能力,可作为寻找常规油气或页岩气的一个重要层位。     

A Modelling Study of Flux Imbalance and the Influence of Entrainment in the Convective Boundary Layer

It is frequently observed in field experiments that the eddy covariance heat fluxes are systematically underestimated as compared to the available energy. The flux imbalance problem is investigated using the NCAR’s large-eddy simulation (LES) model imbedded with an online scheme to calculate Reynolds-averaged fluxes. A top–down and a bottom–up tracer are implemented into the LES model to quantify the influence of entrainment and bottom–up diffusion processes on flux imbalance. The results show that the flux imbalance follows a set of universal functions that capture the exponential decreasing dependence on u _*/w _*, where u _* and w _* are friction velocity and the convective velocity scale, respectively, and an elliptic relationship to z/z _i , where z _i is the mixing-layer height. The source location in the boundary layer is an important factor controlling the imbalance magnitude and its horizontal and vertical distributions. The flux imbalance of heat and the bottom–up tracer is tightly related to turbulent coherent structures, whereas for the top–down diffusion, such relations are weak to nonexistent. Our results are broadly consistent with previous studies on the flux imbalance problem, suggesting that the published results are robust and are not artefacts of numerical schemes.     

煤矿智能化关键技术研究与实践

针对煤矿非全断面巷道条件下掘进机器人移机难度大、效率低下等问题,分析了煤矿井下非结构化环境特征及掘进机器人运动特性,提出了基于深度强化学习的掘进机器人机身路径规划方法。利用深度相机将巷道环境实时重建,在虚拟环境中建立掘进机器人与巷道环境的碰撞检测模型,并使用层次包围盒法进行虚拟环境碰撞检测,形成巷道边界受限下的避障策略。考虑到掘进机器人形体大小且路径规划过程目标单一,在传统SAC算法的基础上引入后见经验回放技术,提出HER-SAC算法,该算法通过环境初始目标得到的轨迹扩展目标子集,以增加训练样本、提高训练速度。在此基础上,基于奖惩机制建立智能体,根据掘进机器人运动特性定义其状态空间与动作空间,在同一场景下分别使用3种算法对智能体进行训练,综合平均奖励值、最高奖励值、达到最高奖励值的步数以及鲁棒性4项性能指标进行对比分析。为进一步验证所提方法的可靠性,采用虚实结合的方式,通过调整目标位置设置2种实验场景进行掘进机器人的路径规划,并将传统SAC算法和HER-SAC算法的路径结果进行对比。结果表明：相较于PPO算法和SAC算法,HER-SAC算法收敛速度更快、综合性能达到最优;在2种实验场景下,HER-SAC算法相比传统SAC算法规划出的路径更加平滑、路径长度更短、路径终点与目标位置的误差在3.53 cm以内,能够有效地完成移机路径规划任务。该方法为煤矿掘进机器人的自主移机控制奠定了理论基础,为煤矿掘进设备自动化提供了新方法。

     

复杂地形低风速气象特征分析

利用13个地面站和1个100 m气象塔的全年实测资料分析湖南中北部丘陵地区中尺度范围的低风速气象特征。结果表明：（1）该区域低风速出现频率高,小于15 m/s的风速出现频率年均达416%;（2）低风速与地形情况密切相关,区域内西部山地的低风速出现频率明显高于东部平原地区;（3）低风速的出现具有日变化特点,典型出现时间段是夜间至次日上午;（4）低风速条件下10 min平均风向多出现大角度变化的情况,60°以上的风向变化频率可达20%～30%。（5）水平风向标准差在低风速情况下明显增大,但观测仪器性能会对小风结果产生影响。