华北克拉通南缘石炭系本溪组铁-铝黏土矿物质来源: 以河南三门峡大安铝黏土矿床为例*

华北克拉通在中奥陶世至晚石炭世期间一直出露地表,经历了长期的风化作用,形成大规模的铁-铝黏土矿,其成矿物源一直是研究的热点,尤其是本溪组底部铁矿和铁质黏土矿与上部铝黏土矿是否为同一来源尚未查清。本研究选取克拉通南缘大安铝黏土矿床作为研究对象,展开微区矿物及元素地球化学组成分析,进一步探讨铁-铝黏土矿物质来源。大安矿床内含矿岩系自下而上包括铁质黏土岩、铝土矿、铝质黏土矿;局部喀斯特高地缺失铝土矿,铝质黏土矿直接覆盖于铁质黏土岩之上。铁质黏土岩在洼地以菱铁矿、黄铁矿和伊利石为主,在隆起区以赤铁矿、伊利石和高岭石为主。铝土矿以硬水铝石、伊利石和锐钛矿为主;铝质黏土矿主要矿物为伊利石。矿物微区分析在黏土矿底部发现大量的碳化硅和少量自然硅、硅铁矿、铬铁矿;区域对比揭示北秦岭造山带内商丹缝合带和二郎坪群中的蛇绿岩为铝黏土矿形成提供了成矿物质。本溪组底部铁质黏土与上部铝黏土矿稳定元素比率(例如Zr/TiO₂、Hf/TiO₂、Nb/TiO₂、Ta/TiO₂)存在明显差异,揭示二者为不同来源: 底部铁质黏土岩和铁矿层为底板碳酸盐岩原地风化的产物;而上部铝黏土矿是异地搬运物,北秦岭造山带在晚石炭世的整体抬升为华北铝黏土矿形成提供了重要的成矿物质。     

中国北方磷矿成矿预测

在中朝准地台、塔里木准地台边缘深断裂附近和台中隆起带以及天山-兴安、祁连-秦岭、额尔古纳几个地槽褶皱区的中间地带,不同程度地具备中国北方三种主要类型磷矿的成矿条件。研究分析认为中国北方的内生磷矿具有良好的找矿前景,绿岩带型磷矿和古元古代沉积变质磷矿显示一定的找矿潜力,沉积型磷矿一般品位低、规模小。通过归纳,在中国北方划分出磷矿的二级城矿区4个、三级成矿带15个、四级成矿亚带19个。圈定成矿预测区A级2个,B级C级各23个。确定了21处可开展进一步工作的地区。     

Intergranular coesite and coesite inclusions in dolomite from the Dabie Shan: Constraints on the preservation of coesite in UHP rocks

Intergranular coesite is extremely rare in, and bears crucial information on the formation and preservation of, ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) rocks. Here, we report the first occurrence of intergranular coesite in a metasedimentary rock, which occurs in the Ganjialing area in the Dabie Shan, east‐central China, and contains abundant coesite inclusions in both garnet and dolomite. We investigated the content of structural water in these minerals with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Our new results undermine the ubiquity of the “pressure‐vessel” model and highlight the role of reaction kinetics in preserving coesite due to the availability of water in UHP rocks.     

Double pot cover effect in unsaturated soils

The phenomenon of moisture increase under an impervious cover in soils due to thermal gradients is defined as the pot cover effect, which may lead to an obvious soil moisture increase in the shallow soil. This paper explores a measure of laying an impervious layer at an appropriate depth in the process of foundation treatment to eliminate the potential moisture increase in the covered soil. Because the impervious cover above the soil and the impervious layer inside the soil constitute a “double pot cover” structure, the moisture migration in the covered soil with an impervious layer is generalized as the double pot cover effect. To investigate the mechanism of the double pot cover effect and further determine the optimal depth of the impervious layer, a numerical model is established to simulate this problem. Analysis results indicate that the moisture increase under the cover varies with the depth of the impervious layer. As the impervious layer is laid at a certain depth, the moisture increase reaches a minimum value. Moreover, the double pot cover effect under different boundary temperatures is further discussed. Results show that the moisture increase in the covered soil can be significantly reduced by laying the impervious layer slightly below the freezing front (0 °C).

     

全吉地区新元古代滨岸冰川沉积特征及地质意义

柴达木盆地北缘全吉地区枯柏木组发现新元古代冰海沉积物,该地层保留了冰筏卸载及滨岸波浪共同作用的痕迹。通过对全吉山、欧龙布鲁克山及大煤沟三个剖面冰海相冰成岩沉积特征的系统描述与分析,建立了滨岸冰川沉积模式。冰成岩顶部发现铁质砂岩层,证实本区新元古代发生过铁质富集事件。结合前人年代学证据及冰成岩与BIF铁矿的伴生关系判断该冰成岩为第一期全球性冰川事件——Sturtian冰期的产物,首次确定该区存在前震旦纪冰川事件。通过冰川事件的对比认为该区麻黄沟组及枯柏木组应划归为青白口系,确定该区存在青白口纪稳定沉积层。     

青海玉树断裂带地震落石的地震地质意义

2010年青海玉树Ms 7.1级大地震引发了一系列次生地质灾害,其中地震落石是除地震滑坡外沿断裂带及其邻侧最常见的现象。对玉树震区落石的调查发现,该区多处存在非常典型的多期地震落石分布现象,指示该区地震落石的发育与其他古地震现象类似,具有多期性和一定的原地复发性。实地调查表明,该区地震落石分布的主要特征为:多集中发育在活动断裂带附近的陡峭基岩斜坡下方,分布零散,且滚动较远,并常与古地震滑坡相伴生。初步获得的8个地震落石钙膜U系测年结果分布在距今6030±300a BP、4720±210a BP、3530±490~3560±280a BP、2010±160a BP、1090±70a BP、760±20a BP和230±20a BP年龄段,与该区古地震探槽和滑坡反映的地震事件比较吻合,进一步揭示玉树断裂带附近在全新世中晚期发生过多期可导致地表产生地震落石的事件。同时也说明,地震落石及其钙膜测年是特别值得进一步探索的潜在古地震研究方法或途径。     

Hydraulic Performance of the Horizontal Reactive Media Treatment Well: Pilot and Numerical Study

This study is focused on a passive treatment system known as the horizontal reactive treatment well (HRX Well®) installed parallel to groundwater flow, which operates on the principle of flow focusing that results from the hydraulic conductivity (K) ratio of the well and aquifer media. Passive flow and capture in the HRX Well are described by simplified equations adapted from Darcy's Law. A field pilot-scale study (PSS) and numerical simulations using a finite element method (FEM) were conducted to verify the HRX Well concept and test the validity of the HRX Well-simplified equations. The hydraulic performance results from both studies were observed to be within a close agreement to the simplified equations and their hydraulic capture width approximately five times greater than the well diameter (0.20 m). Key parameters affecting capture included the aquifer thickness, well diameter, and permeability ratio of the HRX Well treatment media and aquifer material. During pilot testing, the HRX Well captured 39% of flow while representing 0.5% of the test pit cross-sectional volume, indicating that the well captures a substantial amount of surrounding groundwater. While uncertainty in the aquifer and well properties (porosity, K, well losses), including the effects of boundary conditions, may have caused minor differences in the results, data from this study indicate that the simplified equations are valid for the conceptual design of a field study. A full-scale HRX Well was installed at Site SS003 at Vanderberg Air Force Base, California, in July/August 2018 based on outcomes from this study.     

Diagnosis of river basins as CO2 sources or sinks subject to sediment movement

Sediment movement during erosion, transport and deposition greatly affects the ecosystem of river basins. However, there is presently no consensus as to whether particular river basins act as carbon dioxide (CO₂) sources or sinks related to these processes. This paper introduces a rule‐of‐thumb coordinate system based on sediment delivery ratio (SDR) and soil humin content (SHC) in order to evaluate the net effect of soil erosion, sediment transport and deposition on CO₂ flux in river basins. The SDR–SHC system delineates CO₂ source and sink areas, and further divides the sink into strong and weak areas according to the world‐average line. The Yellow River Basin, most severely suffering soil erosion in the world, only appears to be a weak erosion‐induced CO₂ sink in this system. The average annual CO₂ sequestration is ~0·235 Mt from 1960 to 2008, a relatively small value considering its 3·1% contribution to the World's sediment discharge. The temporal analysis shows that the Yellow River Basin was once a source in the 1960s, but changed its role to become a weak sink in the past 40 years due to both anthropogenic and climatic influences. The spatial analysis identifies the middle sub‐basin as the main source region, and the lower as the main sink. For comparison, sediment‐movement‐related CO₂ fluxes of eight other major basins in four continents are examined. It is found that the six basins considered in the Northern Hemisphere appear to be sinks, while the other two in the Southern Hemisphere act as sources. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CT及MRI检查对胰腺囊性病变的诊断价值

目的:通过病理对照分析,探讨CT、MRI对胰腺囊性病变的诊断价值。方法:选取我院2013年1月至2016年12月收治的胰腺囊性病变患者60例,所有患者均分别采用CT、MRI检查,依据检查方法分为CT组和MRI组,对两组患者检查结果和病理结果比较、检查时间进行统计分析。结果:MRI诊断假性囊肿、真性囊肿、囊腺瘤、囊腺癌、胰腺导管内乳头状粘液瘤、癌变胰岛细胞瘤、实性假乳头状瘤与病理符合率分别为100.0%(13/13)、100.0%(16/16)、91.7%(11/12)、100.0%(7/7)、100.0%(6/6)、100.0%(3/3)、100.0%(3/3),CT诊断与病理符合率分别为84.6%(11/13)、93.8%(15/16)、100.0%(12/12)、85.7%(6/7)、83.3%(5/6)、66.7%(2/3)、100.0%(3/3);MRI诊断与病理符合率略高于CT诊断,差异不显著(P>0.05)。MRI组患者的检查时间显著长于CT组(P<0.01)。结论:CT与MRI对胰腺囊性病变的诊断率均较高,虽然MRI具有较长的检查时间,但其能够多方位成像,同时能够将更多的信息提供给临床对囊性成分的分析,特别是较为敏感的出血及囊性病变的大小、数量、范围、境界、成份、性质等,因此二者均具有一定特征性,建议临床结合应用。     

Three dimensional analysis of large strain thaw consolidation in permafrost

Thaw consolidation of ice-rich permafrost is a typical problem in cold regions engineering. This paper proposes a three dimensional analysis of large strain thaw consolidation for post-thawed zone of permafrost, which is defined by a moving thawing boundary problem with phase changes. The theory is implemented in a numerical code and the numerical results are compared with thaw consolidation tests. For problems with low water contents, the small and large strain methods provide virtually the same results. For problems with high water contents, however, the large strain theory shows a much better performance.