冬小麦土壤深松保墒增产效应试验研究

采用土壤深松 45cm、30 cm处理打破犁底层 ,1 996～ 1 998年连续进行 2个年度的冬小麦保墒、增产效应田间试验 .试验结果表明 :土壤深松处理后可减少冬小麦全生育期 0～ 1 0 0 cm的作物耗水量 ,促进根系对 1 0 0～ 2 0 0 cm土层土壤水分的利用 ,提高冬小麦的产量耗水比 .土壤深松处理能明显增加 0～ 30 cm土层的土壤湿度和含水量 ,降低 0～ 50 cm土层的土壤容重 .有利于冬小麦根系、茎、叶的生长发育和总生物量的累积 .土壤深松 45cm处理 2年平均冬小麦增产 7.0 % ,土壤深松 30 cm处理第一年增产 7.7% .冬小麦土壤深松保墒增产效应的适宜深松深度为 30 cm.     

岩溶化山地土地退化的等级划分与植被恢复初步研究⒇— — 以湘西洛塔河流域坡耕地为例

通过专题研究及抽样调查,对岩溶化山地的资源环境及景观特征、土地退化原因和程度的划分、植被可恢复性及其土地持续利用等问题进行研究。对岩溶化山区不同退化程度的土地的改善有指导意义。      

宁夏沿黄绿洲景观多样性时空变化与尺度依赖性

景观多样性指数(LDI)不仅是景观生态学研究中的一个重要指标,而且也是生物多样保护中的重要层次。基于土地利用栅格数据(30 m分辨率),在ArcMap环境中采用Neighborhood和Focal工具对宁夏沿黄绿洲LDI时空变化和尺度依赖特征进行了研究。结果表明：(1)基本单元(正方形)边长90～6000 m 5个时期重复统计分析表明宁夏沿黄绿洲景观在空间上具有明显的尺度依赖特征,转折点在3000 m。(2)近50 a来研究区LDI变化具有周期性,2000年是转折点。其中,1975—2000年LDI呈降低趋势,LDI分区分析显示以退化区斑块类型面积(CA)最大和好转区CA最小为主要特点,分别为6840 km²和1332 km²。2000—2020年LDI呈增加趋势,以稳定区CA最大和退化区CA最小为主要特点,分别为7848 km²和792 km²;由于此阶段初始LDI(2000年)最低,LDI后期好转程度没有达到前期水平。(3)LDI分级面积转换以前期好转区向后期稳定区流转(796km^2<...     

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Risk assessment on a pipeline passing through a ship mooring area

It is very common that a submarine pipeline has to pass through a ship mooring area near a harbor zone in the Bohai Bay, China. The risk assessment of accidental events induced by the potential anchoring ships is carried out, which will lead to external interference with the pipeline. A procedure to calculate the probability for the anchoring activity in the ship mooring area to damage the underlying pipeline is proposed. The adopted methodology is based on the recommendations suggested by the DNV Codes. The same philosophy is also applied to estimate the damage probability that is concerned with sinking ships.     

Groundwater simulation using a numerical model under different water resources management scenarios in an arid region of China

Groundwater plays an important role in the economic development and ecological balance of the arid area of northwest China. Unfortunately, human activity, for example groundwater extraction for irrigation, have resulted in excessive falls in groundwater level, and aquifer overdraft in the oasis, disrupting the natural equilibrium of these systems. A groundwater numerical model for Minqin oasis, an arid area of northwest China, was developed using FEFLOW software to simulate regional groundwater changes under transient conditions. The vertical recharge and discharge (source/sink terms) of the groundwater models were determined from land-use data and irrigation systems for the different crops in the different sub-areas. The calibrated model was used to predict the change for the period from 2000 to 2020 under various water resources management scenarios. Simulated results showed that under current water resources management conditions groundwater levels at Minqin oasis are in a continuous drawdown trend and groundwater depth will be more than 30 m by 2020. Reducing the irrigation area is more effective than water-saving irrigation to reduce groundwater decline at Minqin oasis and the annual groundwater budget would be −0.978 × 10⁸ m³. In addition, water-diversion projects can also reduce the drawdown trend of groundwater at Minqin oasis, and the groundwater budget in the Huqu sub-area would be in zero equilibrium if the annual inflow into the oasis was enhanced to 2.51 × 10⁸ m³. Furthermore, integrative water resources management including water-diversion projects, water-saving irrigation, and reducing the irrigation area are the most effective measures for solving groundwater problems at Minqin oasis.     

一次多单体冰雹天气过程的雷达回波与闪电特征分析

利用多普勒雷达资料、三维闪电监测网资料和MICAPS常规观测资料,对2017年4月5日发生在贵州中部一次多单体冰雹天气过程雷达回波演变与闪电特征进行了综合分析,结果表明:(1)在高空槽和低空切变线配合的有利天气背景下,对流单体相继在贵州西部生成并向东移动发展,造成下游大范围冰雹灾害。(2)冰雹云单体移动发展过程中表现不同的增长特性,偏北路径冰雹云单体属于"跃增型"增长,偏南路径冰雹云单体属于"递增型"增长。"递增型"雹云单体具有较长的孕育时间,其产生的冰雹直径及密度高于"跃增型"冰雹云单体。(3)地闪频次5 min变化在降雹之前出现"跃增"现象并伴随地闪峰值,地闪频次峰值时间提前于降雹时间平均为7.3 min。"跃增型"冰雹云单体与"递增型"冰雹云单体平均正闪比和负闪比相当,但"跃增型"冰雹云单体云闪比率(Z)远高于"递增型"单体,在闪电发生空间分布上没有差异性,均沿脉冲单体移动方向呈带状分布。(4)闪电发生空间分布与雹云回波移动位置基本一致,闪电逐时分布标识出冰雹云的发展移动方向,对冰雹云移动发展具有指示作用。     

春季西南热低压的发生发展与结构特征

通过普查1997-2006年3-5月典型西南热低压天气过程,分析其气候特征,归纳热低压的生命史,将其分为4个不同的发展阶段:初生、成熟、相持和填塞.利用台站观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°及2.5°×2.5°再分析资料,对7次典型的春季西南热低压过程进行合成分析,揭示了成熟阶段和填塞阶段热低压结构特征.分析结果表明:在春季西南热低压系统控制下,气压降幅显著,气温升高、相对湿度降低,午后偏南风加大,气象要素具有明显的日变化特征;68％的热低压会给西南地区造成35℃以上的高温,32％的热低压给贵州造成高温.热低压系统为浅薄暖性低压,干区深厚,低压区为辐合区、正涡度区,以上升运动为主,并且是对流性不稳定.热低压填塞阶段,受冷空气侵入,低压北侧偏北风加大,近地层气旋的辐合增强,低压内为高能区,在冷空气的向南推进过程中,易出现强对流天气.     

Mechanism and geo-mechanics models of landslides triggered by 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake

Due to the extremely high magnitude, long duration, and the complicated geo-environment in the disaster area, the great 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake not only produced a huge number of landslides and rockfalls, but also involved complicated dynamic processes. These processes are quite different from the characteristics of landslides and rockfalls under general gravitational force, and presently human knowledge is very poor in this field. In order to describe the special dynamic processes, some terms such as shattering-cracking, shattering-sliding, shattering-falls and ejection are defined in this paper. Combined with slope structures, a mechanism classification system of strong earthquake-triggered landslide and rockfall is suggested, which is divided into 5 categories and 14 types. This paper also analyzes the basic characteristics, dynamic processes and geo-mechanics conceptual models of some typologies, especial the type of shattering-sliding for most large-scales landsides. This paper initially reveals the formation mechanism, geo-mechanics models and dynamic features of landslides and rockfalls triggered by the great Wenchuan Earthquake.     

我国北方地区苹果不同干旱等级时空特征

为定量评估我国北方地区苹果不同干旱等级灾害时空分布特征,以我国苹果主产地为研究区域,对前人提出的干旱指数进行等级划分,结合历史灾情资料,对划分的等级进行验证;利用验证后的干旱指数,明确1981—2016年苹果不同干旱等级时空变化特征。结果表明：划分的干旱指数等级能够较好地反映我国北方地区苹果实际干旱特征;各生育阶段甘肃省中北部、宁夏回族自治区各年代以重旱发生为主,山西省、陕西省、山东省以及河南省干旱等级随年代变化较大;重旱发生面积在果树萌动-花芽萌动和成熟-落叶生育阶段1981—2000年随年代变化逐渐增加;各生育阶段无旱和重旱高频区频率高于50%,轻旱和中旱高频区频率高于30%;1981—2016年轻旱发生范围最大,果树萌动-花芽萌动生育阶段的重旱和盛花-成熟生育阶段的中旱站次比呈显著上升趋势。研究区域西北地区干旱严重,且发生频率较高。