Chemical character of precipitation and related particles and trace gases in the North and South of China

Rainwater samples were collected at four sites, including Beijing and Mazhuang Town in the north of China, Shenzhen and Mangdang Mountain in the south of China. Character of atmospheric particles and gases were also measured at Mazhuang Town and Mangdang Mountain. Both of Beijing and Shenzhen are urban sites; Mazhuang Town and Mangdang Mountain are rural and remote sites respectively. The atmospheric pollution at rural plain site in the north of China was more serious than that at remote mountain site in the south of China. At Beijing, Mazhuang Town, Shenzhen and Mangdang Mountain the average pH values in rainwater were 6.02, 5.97, 4.72 and 4.81, respectively and the concentrations of total ions in rainwater were 1454, 1125, 187 and 191 μeq/l, respectively. While the acidity of the rain was higher in the south than that in the north, the rainwater in the north of China was more severely polluted than that in the south. The major acidic ion in the rainwater is SO₄^2-, and NH₄⁺ is the most important neutralizing ion in rainwater at the four sites, followed by Ca²⁺. The amounts of organic acid in precipitation were compared with other sites in the world. The ratios of organic acid to total free acid in rainwater at Mangdang Mountain was 13.8% and the influence of organic acid on acidity of rainwater at mountain site in the south of China is more important. The variation of atmospheric particles, gases and components in rainwater and cloud-fog water during special rain and cloud-fog events was discussed. The importance of washout process varied with atmospheric species. The impacts of rainfall, rain duration time and wind speed on wash-out process were estimated by regression analysis.     

夯扩桩在高层建筑软土地基中的应用

以建在软土地基上的高层建筑采用夯扩桩为实例，对该桩型在设计、施工方面的一些问题作了分析、研究，并与类似地基上倾斜过大而被爆破拆除的18层高层建筑的桩基进行了对比。     

地外撞击作用与地球灾变环境

撞击理论是美国物理学家Ａｌｖａｒｅｚ等（１９８０）根据白垩系－第三系（Ｋ／Ｔ）界线粘土层中发现的贵金属元素铱的异常所提出的。十几年过去了，科学家们围绕着这一理论开展了广泛的争论和多方面的研究，取得了不少成果。到目前为止，在世界各地白垩系－第三系界线上发现的异常已有百余处。不少地方还发现了冲击变质矿物和冲击层。研究还发现显生宙来以生物的大量绝灭和地外物体的撞击具有近乎一致的周期性，大约为２６Ｍａ。最     

Prediction of the Granite—Type Gold Deposits by Grey Relational Analysis

Calculated in this paper is the relational grade between each of ghe 1608 prediction units and the granite-type gold deposits in Jiaodong, concerning 78 geological variants of factors ,in terms of the relational grade analysis of the grey system.The isopleth of the residual values is drawn through trend analysis and anomalies are outlined. Also pointed out in the present paper are the pathfinders for prospecting of gold deposits in various parts of China.     

Generation of hazard-consistent fragility curves

This paper presents an analytical method for generating fragility curves of structures. In the proposed method, seismic sources, path attenuation, local soil conditions, and nonlinear building behavior are systematically considered. The uncertainties in the earthquake-site-structure system are quantified by considering the uncertainties in the seismic, site, and structural parameters that define the system. For an illustration, the proposed method is used to generate fragility curves and a damge probability matrix for Smith Hall on the main campus of The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee.     

宁夏地质梗要

宁夏位于中朝准地台和昆仑秦岭地槽褶皱区两大地质构造单元的衔接部位。区内各时代地层均有出露;岩浆岩不发育;构造运动活跃。该区地质构造的演化大致经历了4个阶段。     

Three-dimensional reconstruction of objects buried in layered media using Born and distorted Born iterative methods

We develop electromagnetic inverse scattering methods to reconstruct three-dimensional (3-D) objects buried in layered media. The nonlinear inverse problem is solved iteratively via the conjugate-gradient approach; within each iteration, the problem is linearized by Born and distorted Born approximations. The forward solution for layered media is provided by the stabilized biconjugate-gradient fast Fourier transform method. The inversion results from the Born and distorted Born iterative methods are presented, and the effects of the aperture size and noise on the inversion results are also investigated. Numerical results show that these methods are capable of reconstructing an arbitrary 3-D inhomogeneous object buried in a multilayered medium with high resolution.     

Distribution of major hydrocarbon source rocks in the major oil-gas-bearing basins in China

The distribution characteristics of major hydrocarbon source rocks in the major oil-gas-bearing basins in China were discussed in this paper, and differences between the East and the West basins in tectonic setting, age, lithology, sedimentary environment, and hydrocarbon generation feature and potential were also studied. Considering the Lieiliang Mountains-Dalou Mountains as the boundary, source rocks in the East basins are distributed mainly in three NNE-trend subsiding belts, and those in the West basins are distributed in the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains and Qilian Mountains. They are mainly NWW trending and can be divided into four basin groups.     

星地时间比对的原理及实现

文章介绍了几种星地时间比对的方法并对几种方法的精度进行了简要分析。为验证分析的正确性，文章首先采用2002年10月GPS35卫星的伪距和SLR实测数据计算了星地钟差，然后将本文计算的星地钟差与IGS精密星地钟差进行了比较。通过比较分析发现：①利用伪距与卫星激光测距比对计算的星地钟差精度可以达到1．5ns；测定的星地钟差与实际的星地钟差不存在系统差。②利用伪距与卫星激光测距比对可以完成导航卫星钟与地面系统标准时钟的比对；该方法有助于分离导航卫星的坐标和钟差，便于对星地钟差的研究。     

农林重大病虫害和农业气象灾害的预警及控制技术研究

1 农业气象灾害预警技术研究 对华北农业干旱、东北作物低温冷害、江淮小麦油菜渍害、华南经济林果寒害和水产寒害等农业气象灾害分别建立了统计预测模型和机理预测模型相结合、长中短不同预报时效相结合的预警预测模型.其中作物生长模型与区域气候模式相结合的新一代农业气象灾害预测技术在实现区域尺度预测应用上取得重要进展;各类预测模型在灾害指标、预测方法上取得新的突破,预报准确率进一步提高.在此基础上,成功研制出包含多种预测方法、不同预报时效、可供准业务运行的农业气象灾害多灾种综合预测预警系统.课题研制的模型进行了业务试验,部分成果如广东经济林果寒害预警已投入业务运行.课题于2005年12月顺利通过项目主持单位农业部组织的专家验收.该课题成果代表了我国目前农业气象灾害预警预测研究的最新进展和水平,对于进一步开展和提高其他地区、其他灾害的预报能力具有一定的推广借鉴作用和应用前景.