闪电放电过程的近红外光谱及温度沿放电通道的演化特征

利用无狭缝红外光谱仪, 获得山东地区闪电放电过程760~970 nm范围的近红外光谱.光谱特征分析得出: 近红外光谱主要是峰值电流之后、放电后期的辐射, 谱线主要是中性原子的贡献.首次讨论了放电后期的通道温度和光谱总强度沿放电通道的演化特征.结果表明, 通道温度较回击电流上升至峰值阶段降低, 约为16000 K; 不同闪电的光谱结构、通道温度差异不大, 反映了放电等离子体复合阶段的特性; 地闪通道的温度和光谱总强度沿放电通道略呈单调变化趋势, 接地点附近最大; 云闪通道的温度和光谱总强度沿放电通道非单调变化, 在通道的拐弯、分叉以及结点附近发生突变.     

中高层大气瞬态发光事件（TLEs）及可能的影响

中高层大气瞬态发光事件（TLEs）是发生于活跃雷暴上空平流层和中间层的一类快速大气放电现象。根据光辐射的形态特征和发生位置的不同,可将已发现的TLEs归纳为4类：由电离层快速向下发展的Red Sprites(又称红色精灵,红闪);由雷暴云顶部向上发展的Blue Jets（又称蓝色喷流,蓝激流）;由闪电激发的低电离层区域的圆环状放电ELVEs(Emissions of Light and VLF perturbation due to EMP Sources,又称光辐射和EMP源引起的甚低频扰动) 和由云顶向电离层快速向上发展的Gigantic Jets(又称巨大喷流)。对已有的TLEs现象学和形态特征的观测事实以及物理机制和理论研究等进行了回顾,讨论了TLEs对平流层和中间层大气以及电离层的可能影响,并提出了目前在TLEs理论方面尚未解决的问题,指出了进一步观测和理论研究的必要性。     

雷暴电活动对冰雹增长影响的数值模拟研究

利用三维强风暴动力-电耦合模式,数值模拟了风暴演变过程 中电活动对冰雹增长及地面降雹的影响. 结果指出,带电冰雹与云内强电场作用使地面降雹 量增加约50[HTK]髎[HTSS],雹块直径增大0.7mm,降雹时间滞后约3min. 文中还讨论了强电 场通过对水成物降落速度的调制来影响冰雹微观增长过程,即主要是影响碰并过程和冰雹融 化过程. 电活动使冰雹源、汇总量都减少,但汇总量减少更多,总体效果使冰雹总量增加, 数目减少,冰雹长得更大,更易降落到地面.     

Lightning and Doppler radar observations of a squall line system

A typical squall line with damaging wind and hailstones occurred on 28 April 2006 in Shandong Province, middle eastern China, and caused great economic loss. The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning (CG) in the squall line were studied in detail by combining the data from the ground-based CG location network, two Doppler radars and the Lightning Imaging Sensor on the TRMM satellite. Results show that positive CG flashes accounted for 54.7% of the total CG flashes. During the initial developing stage, the CG flash rate was lower than 0.5fl min^{− 1} and most of the CG flashes were positive. It increased significantly, up to 4.5fl min^{− 1}, along with the rapid development of the squall line, and the percentage of positive CG was more than 75% during this period. The CG flash rate began to decrease but the percentage of negative CG flash increased gradually and exceeded that of positive CG during the mature and dissipating stages. Positive CG flashes tended to occur on the right flank and negative ones on the left flank. Strong wind at the surface occurred in or near the regions with dense positive CG flashes. Almost all positive CG flashes occurred near the strong radar echo regions, in the front parts of the squall line. However, the negative CG flashes almost exclusively occurred in the regions with weak and uniform radar echoes. The total flash rate in the storm was very high, up to 136fl min^{− 1}, and its ratio of intracloud flashes (IC) to CG flashes was 35:1. Dense positive CG flashes corresponded to updraft regions, they did not occur in the core of the updraft, but just behind and close to the main updraft instead. The rear inflow jet, between 3 and 6 km, played an important role in the formation of the bow echo and very strong wind at surface. The CG distribution features in the squall line were obviously different from that of an ordinary MCS. The charge structure could be roughly described as an inverted charge structure.     

Recent Advances in Research of Lightning Meteorology

Lightning meteorology focuses on investigating the lightning activities in different types of convective weather systems and the relationship of lightning to the dynamic and microphysical processes in thunder- storms. With the development and application of advanced lightning detection and location technologies, lightning meteorology has been developed into an important interdiscipline between atmospheric electricity and meteorology. This paper mainly reviews the advances of lightning meteorology research in recent years in China from the following five aspects： 1） development of advanced lightning location technology, 2） char- acteristics of lightning activity in different convective systems, 3） relationship of lightning to the dynamic and microphysical processes in thunderstorms, 4） charge structure of thunderstorms, and 5） lightning data assimilation techniques and application to severe weather forecasting. In addition, some important aspects on future research of the lightning meteorology are proposed.     

Lightning activity and its relationship with typhoon intensity and vertical wind shear for Super Typhoon Haiyan (1330)

Super Typhoon Haiyan (1330), which occurred in 2013, is the most powerful typhoon during landfall in the meteorological record. In this study, the temporal and spatial distributions of lightning activity of Haiyan were analyzed by using the lightning data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network, typhoon intensity and position data from the China Meteorological Administration, and horizontal wind data from the ECMWF. Three distinct regions were identified in the spatial distribution of daily average lightning density, with the maxima in the inner core and the minima in the inner rainband. The lightning density in the intensifying stage of Haiyan was greater than that in its weakening stage. During the time when the typhoon intensity measured with maximum sustained wind speed was between 32.7 and 41.4 ms^?1, the storm had the largest lightning density in the inner core, compared with other intensity stages. In contrast to earlier typhoon studies, the eyewall lightning burst out three times. The first two eyewall lightning outbreaks occurred during the period of rapid intensification and before the maximum intensity of the storm, suggesting that the eyewall lightning activity could be used to identify the change in tropical cyclone intensity. The flashes frequently occurred in the inner core, and in the outer rainbands with the black body temperature below 220 K. Combined with the ECMWF wind data, the influences of vertical wind shear (VWS) on the azimuthal distribution of flashes were also analyzed, showing that strong VWS produced downshear left asymmetry of lightning activity in the inner core and downshear right asymmetry in the rainbands.     

闪电辐射场的宽带频谱测量及地闪首次回击放电参数的估算

我们用一台自制宽带电场接收机和四台窄带电场接收机对同一闪电的辐射场进行了测量,得到了从2kHz到80MHz频段内云闪和地闪的绝对振幅谱。云闪和地闪的谱峰值分别出现在4kHz到10kHz和20kHz到80kHz频段内。在10kHz到2.8MHz内,地闪的平均谱按1/f衰减,2.8MHz到80MHz内,按1/f~(1·4)衰减。在40kHz以上,云闪的平均谱按1/f~(1·4)衰减。40kHz以下,地闪是主要的辐射源,40kHz以上,云闪和地闪有几乎相等的辐射强度。50km距离上,地闪首次回击辐射电场峰值的平均值为15.16V/m,标准差为8.38V/m。1MHz以下,地闪首次回击辐射总能量为0.84×10~5J,标准差为1.57×10~5J。峰值功率为0.85×10~(10)W,标准差为0.98×10~(10)W。峰值电流为27.80kA,标准差为17.12kA。电流时间变化率峰值为109.30kA/μs,标准差为91.53 kA/μs。我们对观测到的一些特殊的闪电现象也做了初步解释。     

中国内陆高原地区典型雷暴过程的地闪特征及电荷结构反演

利用2002年夏季在青海省大通县进行的雷暴及闪电综合观测实验中所获取的6站GPS同步闪电电场变化资料,对8月4日一次下部具有大范围正电荷区的典型性雷暴过程的雷电特征进行详细研究。利用点电荷模式对16次负地闪和2次正地闪所包含的共65次回击所中和电荷源进行的非线性最小二乘法拟合研究发现,负地闪所中和的负电荷距离地面的相对高度在3~5 km,而两次正地闪所中和的雷暴云电荷在5~6 km的高度,表明该雷暴云呈三极性电荷结构。负地闪单次回击所中和电荷量平均为1.48 C,而两次正地闪都为单次回击且中和的电荷量分别为1.37 C和2.68 C。     

北京闪电综合探测网(BLNET):网络构成与初步定位结果

北京闪电综合探测网(Beijing Lightning NETwork, 简称BLNET)由10个观测站组成, 每个子站主要由闪电快、慢电场变化测量仪(也称快、慢天线)和闪电甚高频(VHF)辐射探测仪构成, 实现了对闪电的多频段的综合观测。本文首先详细介绍了BLNET的网络构成, 然后利用蒙特卡罗法对网络的定位误差进行了理论分析, 模拟结果表明网络内部水平定位误差小于200 m, 网络外部100 km处水平定位误差小于3 km, 最后利用Chan氏算法和Levenberg-Marquardt算法相结合的方法, 对发生在2013年7月7日的一次雷暴过程分别进行了地闪和云闪定位, 将定位结果和对应时次的雷达回波进行比较, 发现地闪和云闪都出现在大于30 dBZ的雷达回波区, 表明了探测网络和定位方法的可靠性。     

西藏措勤尼雄矿田滚纠铁矿侵入岩LA-ICP-MS 锆石 U-Pb年龄与地球化学特征

本文分析了尼雄矿田滚纠铁矿与成矿相关的花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩主量元素、微量元素并对其进行锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年。结果显示,岩石富硅(SiO₂平均分别66.76%和70.98%)、富碱(ALK平均为6.28%和7.70%),铝饱和指数均小于1.1,属中高K钙碱性I型花岗岩。两者具相似的稀土元素球粒陨石标配分模式图和微量元素原始地幔蛛网图,∑REE较低(∑REE分别是 130.6×10^-6和134.3×10^-6),弱Eu负异常(δEu分别为0.84和0.88),弱-中等轻重稀土分馏,(La/Yb)_N分别平均8.07和6.72。 Rb、Pb、Th等大离子亲石元素和稀土元素富集,Ba和U、Nb、Ta、P 、Ti等高场强元素亏损,显示弧岩浆作用特点,指示岩石形成于弧后伸展环境,岩浆源区具壳幔混源的特征。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年显示花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩分别形成于113.6±1.2Ma和112.6±1.6Ma,属早白垩世晚期岩浆活动产物。结合区域地质资料,认为滚纠铁矿与成矿相关的花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩因班公湖-怒江洋壳向南俯冲,并于~113Ma发生冈底斯陆壳和羌塘陆壳对接,已俯冲的班公湖-怒江洋壳发生板片回转,导软流圈地幔流体上涌,其所带来的巨大热能引发岩石圈地幔和上覆地壳发生部分熔融,形成以壳源为主的壳幔混源岩浆,在弧后拉张环境下上侵形成。