雷暴下的电流密度测量和准稳态特性讨论

利用电场和麦克斯韦电流密度的同时测量，对雷暴下闪电间的麦克斯韦电流密度的准稳态特性进行了验证，并利用实验观测和模式计算相结合的方法，对传导电流、位移电流和电晕电流的相对重要性作了估计。     

西藏定结、定日三叠系遗迹化石及其地质意义

西藏定结县、定日县一带的三叠系产大量遗迹化石,可划分为4个遗迹化石组合,对应于Skolithos遗迹相,Cruziana遗迹相和Zoophycos遗迹相.根据遗迹相及其它相标志判别,该区早中三叠世主要为陆棚环境,晚三叠世主要为滨岸环境.对遗迹化石的分析结果表明该区早三叠世存在短暂的缺氧事件.     

OBSERVATION AND MODEL ANALYSES OF POSITIVE CLOUD-TO-GROUND LIGHTNING IN MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS*

The analyses of spatial and temporal characteristics of positive cloud-to-ground(CG) lightning for four mesoscale convective systems and two severe local convective systems in 1989 and 1990 show that positive CG flash rate usually has two peak values.The major peak occurs during the developing stage of the storm and most of the positive CG flashes originate at the lower part of the storm.The minor occurs during the dissipative stage of the storm and most of the positive CG flashes originate at the upper part of the storm,especially in the region of the wind divergence in the storm anvil.The positive CG flash rate is almost an order of magnitude larger in the developing stage than in the dissipative stage.The appearing time of the peak of negative CG flash rate is in accordance with that of the valley of positive CG flash rate.The higher the intensity of the radar echo,the higher the positive CG flash rate.Most of the positive CG flashes occur when the weak echo area is larger,and mostly originate in the region where the radar echo intensity is about 10dBz and in the back region of the moving storms.The spatial distribution of the positive CG flashes is much more dispersive than that of the negative.The mesoscale analysis reveals a bipolar lightning pattern.The mean bipole-length reaches its minimum during the mature stage of the storm and reaches the maximum during the developing stage of the storm.The vertical distribution of the charge density is calculated by a one-dimensional charging model.Then,we discuss the producing condition of the positive CG lightning and forming cause of charge structure mentioned above.     

地闪定向仪（DF）的测站定向误差及应用

由于地闪定向仪(DF)网络已广泛使用,而国内目前又无方便有效的定向误差估计方法,本文试图用气象台站资料寻找一种方便可行的定性判断方法,并给出测站可能的定向误差分布图。同时,我们还用DF网络的资料作了包括其工作范围内的雷暴日和落雷密度在内的统计分析,得到的落雷密度在考虑实际情况后与用其它方法得到的结果相吻合。     

New Data on the Age of the Yukiang (Yujiang) Formation at Liujing, Guangxi, South China

The age of the Yukiang (Yujiang) Formation has been shrouded in controversy for more than 75 years. New investigation at the Liujing section, Hengxian County, Guangxi, has revealed a conodont sequence assignable to two Early Devonian conodont zonations: the Eognathodus kindlei?–Polygnathus pireneae Zone and the Polygnathus nothoperbonus Zone from oldest to youngest. The Gaoling and Mahuangling members of the Nahkaoling (Nagaoling) Formation and the overlying Xiayiling Member and lower part of the Shizhou Member of the Yukiang Formation are proven to belong to the Pragian Eognathodus kindlei?–Polygnathus pireneae Zone. The co-occurrence of Polygnathus pireneae and Pol. sokolovi in the lower part of the Shizhou Member demonstrates that this interval can be approximately correlated with the uppermost part of the Polygnathus pireneae Zone. However, precise level identification of the Pragian–Emsian Boundary (PEB) in the Liujing section remains dfficult due to the scarcity of suitable limestone samples for conodont analysis from the middle and upper parts of the Shizhou Member. The Daliancun and Liujing members of the Yukiang Formation and the lower part of the overlying Moding Formation are assigned to the Polygnathus nothoperbonus Zone with the nominal species of this biozone ranging from the bottom of the Daliancun Member to the lower part of the Moding Formation.     

Review of Chinese atmospheric science research over the past 70 years: Atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China 70 years ago,the subject of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment has developed rapidly in China,providing important support for the development of atmospheric science and guarantee for the development of national economy.In this paper,the general advancement of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in last 70 years was described.The main research progress of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in the past 40 years of reform and opening-up was reviewed,the outstanding research achievements since the 21 st century were summarized,the major problems and challenges are pointed out,and the key directions and suggestions for future development are put forward.     

Using lightning locating system based on time-of-arrival technique to study three-dimensional lightning discharge processes

A time-of-arrival(TOA) system based on GPS technology for locating VHF radiation sources from lightning has been developed and used in observation sites in the northern Shandong Province,China.The 3D images of the lightning progression have been obtained successfully for the first time in China.The 3D-channel evolutions of typical negative CG,positive CG and IC lightning flashes have been discussed together with the data of fast electric field change.It was found that significant differences existed between the negative and positive CG lightning flashes in terms of the initiation and propagation of the radiation sources.The preliminary breakdown of a negative CG lightning flash propagated at a speed about 5.2×104 m/s.The stepped leader of negative CG lightning flashes was trigged by negative initial breakdown.Thereafter,it propagated downward at a speed of 1.3×105 m/s.The initial process of the positive CG lightning flashes was also a propagation process of negative streamer.These streamers propagated dominantly horizontally in the positive charge region and accumulated positive charges at the origin of the lightning,and as a consequence,initiated downward positive streamers.A new type of lightning discharge that was triggered by a narrow bipolar pulse(NBP) is discussed in this study.The NBP was originated at altitude of about 10.5 km in the upper positive charge region.As a distinct difference from normal IC flash,its channels extended horizontally all around and produced a lot of radiation sources.The source power of the NBP could approach 16.7 kW,which is much greater than that of normal lightning discharge ranging between 100 mW and 500 W.The 3D propagation of this new type of lightning discharge was observed and obtained for the first time in China.The possible initiation mechanism of this new type of light-ning is discussed here.     

玻利维亚多尔各市D铜矿矿物元素组合分带及找矿预测

玻利维亚多尔各市D铜矿地处安第斯褶皱带中段,西科迪勒拉构造带东侧南端。矿体主要赋存于多尔各组二段(E3t2)地层中。通过对多尔各市D铜矿矿物分带、主元素及微量元素组合分析,采用数理统计分析方法。研究结果表明:(1)粉砂岩型矿化(Ⅰ型矿化):近矿硅化增加,矿化范围叠加石膏脉,围岩泥质(脉)含量减少,方解石化(隐晶质)发育减弱;远离矿化硅化减弱,石膏脉消失,方解石化增强,泥化增强。(2)砂砾岩型矿化(Ⅱ型矿化):近矿硅化增加,矿化范围叠加石膏脉,围岩泥质(脉)含量减少,方解石化(隐晶质)减弱;远离矿化段,硅化减弱,石膏脉消失,方解石化增强,泥化增强。(3)石英脉型矿化(Ⅲ型矿化):内带主要发育矿化、硅化,最显著的特征为发育大量矿化脉及石英脉;外带发育泥质脉及石英脉。(4)Cu—Ag元素组合为矿区重要的矿化元素组合内带,Ca—Mn元素组合为矿区近矿围岩褪色蚀变元素组合中带,U—V元素组合为矿区含矿"红层"元素组合外带。通过矿物分带、地球化学元素分析,确定找矿靶区,并在靶区探获铜矿量770.08万吨、平均品位1.77%、金属量136304t。     

全球泥盆纪生物礁演化及其影响因素

泥盆纪是地史时期海洋生物迅速演化的时期之一,以发育显生宙以来地球上最大规模生物礁生态系统及其彻底崩溃为重要特征。泥盆纪的生物礁经历了吉维特-弗拉期和法门期的繁盛,造礁生物分别以珊瑚-层孔虫和菌藻类为主导;在吉维特中晚期、弗拉-法门期(F/F)之交和泥盆纪-石炭纪(D/C)之交,则遭受多次生物灭绝事件的打击,随后在石炭纪的杜内早-中期生物礁基本消失,而后生动物礁直到13 Myr之后(维宪期)才再次出现。通过最新的地球化学资料研究发现,中泥盆世海水表层温度适宜、大陆风化程度较低。因此,全球后生动物礁规模空前,异常繁盛;而晚泥盆世海水表层温度及大陆风化程度较高,导致法门期后生动物礁衰落,而菌藻类生物礁繁盛。通过灭绝事件的详细研究表明,Taghanic事件中海平面的快速上升、温度的急剧升高造成珊瑚和层孔虫消失,后生动物礁数量大幅减少;Kellwasser事件中的温度突变、全球性海平面升降以及缺氧等因素则引发了后生动物礁彻底崩溃;而Hangenberg事件中短暂复苏的后生动物礁受温度降低和海平面下降的影响而最终消失。因此,在众多影响泥盆纪生物礁发育的因素中,全球性的温度和海平面变化占据主导地位。     

华南地区石炭纪-早二叠世早期成冰期的地球生物学过程与烃源岩的形成

石炭纪-二叠纪冈瓦纳大陆成冰事件控制着全球(尤其是华南地区) 的海平面变化, 从而决定着生境型及生产力的变化.冈瓦纳大陆成冰事件造成石炭纪-早二叠世早期有4次全球性海退, 其中Tournasian末期到Visean早期的海退在华南地区最为明显, 导致生境型发生了明显的变化.在盆地相区, 由斜坡相(Ⅴ₁) 转变为下部浅海上部(Ⅳ₁).在远岸碳酸盐台地区, 由上部浅海(Ⅲ₁)、(Ⅲ₂) 转变为潮间带(Ⅱ₁)、潮下带(Ⅱ₂).在连岸碳酸盐台地区, 由浅水碳酸盐沉积区(Ⅱ₁)、(Ⅱ₂) 转变为陆相或海陆交互相沉积区.通过对生境型、生物类群的分布及氧化还原环境的分析, 探讨了冰期与间冰期生物群的演替、海洋生物生产力及埋葬条件的变化, 进而确定成冰事件对烃源岩形成和分布的控制作用.