Improved Priority‐Flood method for depression filling by redundant calculation optimization in local micro‐relief areas

Depression filling is a critical step in distributed hydrological modeling using digital elevation models (DEMs). The traditional Priority‐Flood (PF) approach is widely used due to its relatively high efficiency when dealing with a small‐sized DEM. However, it seems inadequate and inefficient when dealing with large high‐resolution DEMs. In this work, we examined the relationship between the PF algorithm calculation process and the topographical characteristics of depressions, and found significant redundant calculations in the local micro‐relief areas in the conventional PF algorithm. As such calculations require more time when dealing with large DEMs, we thus propose a new variant of the PF algorithm, wherein redundant points and calculations are recognized and eliminated based on the local micro‐relief water‐flow characteristics of the depression‐filling process. In addition, depressions and flatlands were optimally processed by a quick queue to improve the efficiency of the process. The proposed method was applied and validated in eight case areas using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model (SRTM‐DEM) with 1 arc‐second resolution. These selected areas have different data sizes. A comparative analysis among the proposed method, the Wang and Liu‐based PF, the improved Barnes‐based PF, the improved Zhou‐based PF, and the Planchon and Darboux (P&D) algorithms was conducted to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The results showed that the proposed algorithm is 43.2% (maximum) faster than Wang and Liu's variant of the PF method, with an average of 31.8%. In addition, the proposed algorithm achieved similar performance to the improved Zhou‐based PF algorithm, though our algorithm has the advantage of being simpler. The optimal strategies using the proposed algorithm can be employed in various landforms with high efficiency. The proposed method can also achieve good depression filling, even with large amounts of DEM data.     

钠多普勒激光雷达回波光子数仿真及大气参数反演

钠多普勒激光雷达利用中层顶区域的钠原子作为示踪物,探测中层顶区域大气风场和温度剖面.本文主要分析钠多普勒激光雷达的探测原理和大气参数反演算法.利用MSISE和HWM93等大气模型给出背景大气温度、密度及风场,并给定钠原子数密度剖面,从激光雷达方程出发,模拟计算了激光雷达的瑞利散射和钠共振荧光散射回波光子数.利用模拟的回波光子数剖面数据,反演得到大气温度、视线风速和钠原子数密度剖面,反演结果与模拟计算用的背景参数符合很好,验证了这一反演方法的正确性.分析了激光频率偏移和激光线宽变化对反演精度的影响.     

庙西凹陷严重生物降解原油序列中三环萜烷的异常分布成因初探

对渤海湾盆地一系列生物降解原油的色谱-质谱分析结果表明,庙西凹陷PL15-8D与PL9-4井四个严重生物降解原油三环萜烷系列分布较为异常,主要表现为以C₂₃为主峰的后峰型、C₂₀与C₂₃为主峰的微弱双峰型以及以C₂₀与C₂₄为主峰的双峰型分布模式。强烈的生物降解作用导致C₁₉~C₂₃三环萜烷优先于C₂₄₊三环萜烷被不同程度地侵蚀,是形成这一异常分布的根本原因。三环萜烷系列相对丰度与绝对浓度的变化规律表明,不同碳数三环萜烷的生物降解作用同时发生,但其降解速率有明显差别,即抗生物降解能力不同。三环萜烷系列化合物（除C₂₀三环萜烷以外）的抗生物降解能力具有随碳数增加而增强的趋势,而C₂₀三环萜烷抗降解能力似乎强于C₂₁~C₂₃三环萜烷。原油中未检测到脱甲基三环萜烷,表明三环萜烷的降解并非通过微生物的脱甲基化作用,推测其降解途径是微生物氧化三环萜烷C环支链末端的甲基,形成对应的羧酸化合物。四个原油样品甾烷、藿烷与三环萜烷被微生物严重侵蚀,不能用于油源对比研究,而三芳甾烷未受生物降解影响,可作为研究区严重生物降解原油油源对比的有效指标。     

珠江口淇澳岛海岸带反硝化作用研究

采用N2通量法,在一套连续流动培养装置中测定珠江口淇澳岛海岸带的反硝化速率,探讨各种因素对淇澳岛海岸带反硝化速率的影响.结果表明,反硝化速率受NO3-的利用率影响,而不是NO3-的绝对浓度.大型红树植物对淇澳岛海岸带的反硝化速率影响最大,其次是硝酸盐利用率,而有机质含量的影响较小.由于大型红树植物的影响,样品Q0411-5的反硝化速率比同在岛内的Q0411-3高出1倍.样品Q0412-14的NO3-培养前后的浓度变化(△NO3-)是Q0412-9的4倍多,因为受硝酸盐利用率的影响,它的反硝化速率却是Q0412-9的2倍多.温度对反硝化速率的影响程度尚不能确定.     

西湖凹陷油气成藏的主控因素

西湖凹陷位于东海大陆架边缘,地壳为相对软弱的过渡壳。西湖凹陷中新世末以前属于萎缩型盆地,上新世伴随冲绳海槽的形成才成为扩张性盆地。受构造控制盆地萎缩期沉积有以下3个特点：第一,整体表现为海退;第二,沉积范围逐次减小;第三,泥岩百分比越来越低,盖层条件越来越差。平湖组存在区域盖层,钻遇断块气藏;花港组存在局部盖层,背斜充满度高,断背斜充满度低,断块未成藏;新近系盖层条件更差,断背斜亦未能成藏。由此可见保存条件是西湖凹陷油气成藏的主控因素,保存条件好的领域是西湖凹陷下一步勘探的方向。     

西藏措勤地区典中组火山岩同位素特征及地质意义

西藏冈底斯岩浆岩带西段北侧的林子宗群火山岩含有从板块俯冲机制向大陆碰撞机制转变的丰富信息。将措勤地区典中组火山岩与冈底斯岩浆岩带东段林周盆地的典中组火山岩在同位素地球化学、演化特征方面进行对比,探讨冈底斯岩浆岩带西段与东段在演化过程中的异同性。结果表明,措勤地区典中组火山岩的87Sr/86Sr初始比值变化范围为0.710352~0.713423,具较高的87Sr/86Sr比值;143Nd/144Nd初始比值为0.512293~0.512407,具较低的143Nd/144Nd比值;林周盆地典中组火山岩的87Sr/86Sr初始比值为0.7057~0.7063之间,143Nd/144Nd初始比值范围为0.5125~0.5126。同位素特征显示措勤地区典中组源区物质可能来自于富集Ⅱ型地幔,即源区为俯冲和再循环的大陆地壳物质与地幔岩发生了混合作用的产物,源区受控于冈底斯地壳基底。林周盆地典中组火山岩源区物质可能与富集Ⅰ型地幔有关。     

西藏青草山斑岩铜金矿含矿斑岩锆石U-Pb年代学、微量元素地球化学及地质意义

西藏青草山斑岩铜金矿是班公湖-怒江缝合带北侧、羌塘地块南缘新发现的具有超大型远景的斑岩型铜金矿床。本文首次对青草山含矿花岗岩闪长斑岩的锆石进行了 LA-ICPMS U-Pb年代学和微量元素地球化学研究,通过对含矿斑岩中锆石的13个点的U-Pb定年,得出锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U加权平均年龄为114.60±1.20Ma (MSWD=1.07),此年龄与同样分布于该带上的多不杂斑岩铜矿含矿斑岩成岩年龄、波龙斑岩铜矿成矿年龄基本一致。应用锆石Ti温度计,计算出含矿斑岩中绝大部分锆石的结晶温度小于700℃,如此低的结晶温度指示含矿斑岩岩浆来源于水近饱和条件下发生的部分熔融。通过对锆石微量元素的详细研究,得出青草山含矿斑岩形成于活动大陆边缘的陆缘弧环境,这与前人研究得出的多不杂斑岩铜矿的形成构造背景一致。相近的成岩成矿年龄和一致的形成构造背景揭示以多不杂、青草山、波龙斑岩铜(金)矿床为主要组成的班公湖-怒江斑岩铜矿带的客观存在。依据青草山斑岩铜金矿和多不杂斑岩铜矿的含矿斑岩和同期火山岩的地球化学特征,并结合已有弧环境斑岩铜矿的经典成矿模型,本文提出班公湖-怒江斑岩铜矿带形成的动力学机制,即在早白垩世,班公湖-怒江洋壳向北俯冲,大洋板片向下俯冲到一定深度时,发生大规模脱水作用,释放的流体交代上覆地幔楔,诱发其部分熔融,产生的富含成矿物质的岩浆向上运移,在浅部地壳发育成与成矿相关的岩浆房,部分岩浆上升直接喷出地表,形成下白垩统美日切错组火山岩,部分浅成-超浅成侵位成斑岩体及斑岩型矿床,随着岩浆的多点多期次侵位,最终形成班公湖-怒江斑岩铜矿带。     

耀变体在射电波段的偏振研究

利用UMRAO数据库22个耀变体源的偏振数据,根据Lazarian&Pogosyan理论模型分析研究了耀变体射电波段的偏振随波长的变化,得出不同类的耀变体偏振随波长变化的原因。结果表明,与Lazarian&Pogosyan理论模型吻合较好。由此得出如下结论:(1)反常去偏振耀变体源中反常法拉第旋光起主导作用,反常去偏振相对较少;(2)热辐射与同步辐射混合作用,高频波段的偏振度小于低频波段的偏振度(反常去偏振);(3)当被观测波段波长小于吸积盘热辐射对应的维恩波长时,高频波段的偏振度大于低频波段的偏振度(常规去偏振)。     

青藏高原东北部岩石圈有效弹性厚度及其各向异性

青藏高原东北部是中国大陆构造环境特殊的主要构造域,毗邻青藏高原羌塘地块、塔里木盆地、四川盆地和华北克拉通,属于不同构造类型块体俯冲、碰撞及陆内汇聚的结合部,在中国大陆形成与演化的历史中扮演着重要角色.岩石圈有效弹性厚度(Te)及其各向异性与岩石圈流变性、力学结构紧密相连,研究青藏高原东北部的岩石圈Te及其各向异性将为我们认识大陆岩石圈的流变性及动力学过程提供重要信息.本文基于Fan小波相关性分析法,运用布格重力和地形资料获得了青藏高原东北部岩石圈Te及其各向异性二维分布的详细信息.研究结果表明研究区域内Te的分布范围在5～100 km之间;松潘—甘孜地块、祁连山造山带和龙门山地区的Te较薄(5 kmTeTe值都较低,其中龙门山断裂带Te只有5～20 km,且南、北两段各向异性存在明显差异.内部的若尔盖盆地Te值略显高值,说明其是仍保留有刚性的块体;北缘的柴达木盆地下伏为古生代的地壳,被认为是古老的克拉通碎片,Te较大(50 kmTeTe的各向异性轴垂直于大的块体边界.通过比较Te各向异性与SKS波的快波偏振方向、Rayleigh面波方位角各向异性的相互关系我们推测阿拉善地块各向异性源自地幔橄榄岩晶格的优势取向,岩石圈变形趋于垂直连贯变形模式;柴达木盆地各向异性源于历史构造事件残留在岩石圈中的"化石"各向异性;松潘—甘孜地块各向异性源自物质的侧向流动.     

Application and discussion of statistical seismology in probabilistic seismic hazard assessment studies

Earthquakes are one of the natural disasters that pose a major threat to human lives and property. Earthquake prediction propels the construction and development of modern seismology;however, current deterministic earthquake prediction is limited by numerous difficulties. Identifying the temporal and spatial statistical characteristics of earthquake occurrences and constructing earthquake risk statistical prediction models have become significant;particularly for evaluating earthquake risks and addressing seismic planning requirements such as the design of cities and lifeline projects based on the obtained insight. Since the 21 st century, the occurrence of a series of strong earthquakes represented by the Wenchuan M8 earthquake in 2008 in certain low-risk prediction areas has caused seismologists to reflect on traditional seismic hazard assessment globally. This article briefly reviews the development of statistical seismology, emphatically analyzes the research results and existing problems of statistical seismology in seismic hazard assessment, and discusses the direction of its development. The analysis shows that the seismic hazard assessment based on modern earthquake catalogues in most regions should be effective. Particularly, the application of seismic hazard assessment based on ETAS(epidemic type aftershock sequence)should be the easiest and most effective method for the compilation of seismic hazard maps in large urban agglomeration areas and low seismic hazard areas with thick sedimentary zones.