Comparative analysis of different underlying surfaces using a high-resolution assimilation dataset in semi-arid areas in China

To study the land surface and atmospheric meteorological characteristics of non-uniform underlying surfaces in the semi-arid area of Northeast China, we use a “High-Resolution Assimilation Dataset of the water-energy cycle in China (HRADC)”. The grid points of three different underlying surfaces were selected, and their meteorological elements were averaged for each type (i.e., mixed forest, grassland, and cropland). For 2009, we compared and analyzed the different components of leaf area index (LAI), soil temperature and moisture, surface albedo, precipitation, and surface energy for various underlying surfaces in Northeast China. The results indicated that the LAI of mixed forest and cropland during the summer is greater than 5 m² m^?2 and below 2.5 m² m^?2 for grassland; in the winter and spring seasons, the Green Vegetation Fraction (GVF) is below 30%. The soil temperature and moisture both vary greatly. Throughout the year, the mixed forest is dominated by latent heat evaporation; in grasslands and croplands, the sensible heat flux and the latent heat flux are approximately equal, and the GVF contributed more to latent heat flux than sensible heat flux in the summer. This study compares meteorological characteristics between three different underlying surfaces of the semi-arid area of Northeast China and makes up for the insufficiency of purely using observations for the study. This research is important for understanding the water-energy cycle and transport in the semi-arid area.     

T213 降水预报订正系统的建立与研究

目前T213降水预报存在一定程度上的系统性误差,为了更好地使用T213降水预报产品,减小系统性误差对主观预报的影响,利用一种统计学方法可以对T213降水预报进行订正,减小T213降水预报的系统性误差。通过对2004年6—11月订正前后的T213降水预报进行统计学和天气学检验分析,检验该订正系统的订正效果。结果表明,订正后的降水预报的预报偏差B值有了显著改善,其他统计检验量也有了不同程度的提高;订正后雨带的位置和轮廓更加接近降水实况。     

The influence of tropical Pacific forcing on the Arctic Oscillation

The potential role of tropical Pacific forcing in driving the seasonal variability of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) is explored using both observational data and a simple general circulation model (SGCM). A lead–lag regression technique is first applied to the monthly averaged sea surface temperature (SST) and the AO index. The AO maximum is found to be related to a negative SST anomaly over the tropical Pacific three months earlier. A singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis is then performed on the tropical Pacific SST and the sea level pressure (SLP) over the Northern Hemisphere. An AO-like atmospheric pattern and its associated SST appear as the second pair of SVD modes. Ensemble integrations are carried out with the SGCM to test the atmospheric response to different tropical Pacific forcings. The atmospheric response to the linear fit of the model’s empirical forcing associated with the SST variability in the second SVD modes strongly projects onto the AO. Idealized thermal forcings are then designed based on the regression of the seasonally averaged tropical Pacific precipitation against the AO index. Results indicate that forcing anomalies over the western tropical Pacific are more effective in generating an AO-like response while those over the eastern tropical Pacific tend to produce a Pacific-North American (PNA)-like response. The physical mechanisms responsible for the energy transport from the tropical Pacific to the extratropical North Atlantic are investigated using wave activity flux and vorticity forcing formalisms. The energy from the western tropical Pacific forcing tends to propagate zonally to the North Atlantic because of the jet stream waveguide effect while the transport of the energy from the eastern tropical Pacific forcing mostly concentrates over the PNA area. The linearized SGCM results show that nonlinear processes are involved in the generation of the forced AO-like pattern.     

陕西粮食供需平衡的思考

证券营业部计算机房和计算机网络的雷电防护是一个庞大而又复杂缜密的工程，电力保护、信号保护、等电位连接和各种接地中任何一个环节疏漏都可能带来灾难性后果。据统计，近年来因受雷电电磁脉冲而损失的计算机网络设备大幅上升，造成难以估算的经济损失。如1996年6月6日，重庆市农业银行大厦的计算机网络设备，因遭雷击损失107万元，其下属的信托公司证券部通信网络中断数小时，引起股民恐慌。     

江苏沿海对虾亲虾入室期规律分析及其预报

根据多年的生产试验,分析总结了江苏沿海对虾适宜入室的气象指标的分布特征以及不同地区最早、最适、最迟入室指标出现时间之间的相关性,并以射阳县、南通市为代表建立起预报方程,为江苏沿海做好亲虾入室的气象服务工作提供了理论依据和新的途径。     

海南岛附近四季风场的中尺度环流

利用一层σ坐标原始方程数值诊断模式研究海南岛，雷州半岛及其四周海域的地面风场特征，在春夏秋冬四季典型盛行气流下试验，均明显呈现绕流，爬坡，辐合线、海陆风和山谷风效应，看出在不同季节下的中尺度环流存在一定的差异。试验表明，区域内的复杂地形和海陆分布是形成各种中尺度环流的重要原因，同时，揭示出本地气候分布的特征与中尺度环流间存在的密切的关系。     

呼和浩特市秋季一次大到暴雨天气过程分析

利用天气预报业务中的多种预报产品资料,对2008年9月21日呼和浩特地区秋季一次降水过程进行了分析,结果表明:(1)太平洋副高西伸,地面西南倒槽是本次降水形成的主要影响系统。(2)700hPa西南低空急流的形成与地面倒槽东移北上共同为降水提供了暖湿能量,对降水的形成发展起了重要作用。(3)在降水过程中,大气的高层辐散、低层辐合以及较强的垂直上升运动使降水加强。     

北京市持续重污染天气分析

通过对2004-2008年北京市空气持续重污染过程的统计及其对非沙尘型持续重污染天气形势的特征分析,得到以下结论：持续重污染过程具有明显的季节分布特征,主要包括春季沙尘型污染和秋冬季节非沙尘型污染;非沙尘型持续重污染过程期间多对应着大雾、轻雾、霾、烟等低能见度天气,过程后期对应的天气现象多为大风或降水天气。其中大雾天气更易引发长时间持续的空气重污染事件。非沙尘型持续重污染的天气形势特点为：高空多为纬向环流,850 hPa多为暖脊控制,地面多处于弱气压场,鞍形场型污染尤为严重。北京持续重污染多对应区域性污染。     

Atmospheric chemistry of hydrogen fluoride

Although a large volume of monitoring and computer simulation data exist for global coverage of HF, study of HF in the troposphere is still limited to industry whose primary interest is the safety and risk assessment of HF release because it is a toxic gas. There is very limited information on atmospheric chemistry, emission sources, and the behavior of HF in the environment. We provide a comprehensive review on the atmospheric chemistry of HF, modeling the reactions and transport of HF in the atmosphere, the removal processes in the vertical layer immediately adjacent to the surface (up to approximately 500 m) and recommend research needed to improve our understanding of atmospheric chemistry of HF in the troposphere. The atmospheric chemistry, emissions, and surface boundary layer transport of hydrogen fluoride (HF) are summarized. Although HF is known to be chemically reactive and highly soluble, both factors affect transport and removal in the atmosphere, the chemistry can be ignored when the HF concentration is at a sufficiently low level (e.g., 10 ppmv). At a low concentration, the capability for HF to react in the atmosphere is diminished and therefore the species can be mathematically treated as inert during the transport. At a sufficiently high concentration of HF (e.g., kg/s release rate and thousands of ppm), however, HF can go through a series of rigorous chemical reactions including polymerization, depolymerization, and reaction with water to form molecular complex. As such, the HF species cannot be considered as inert because the reactions could intimately influence the plume’s thermodynamic properties affecting the changes in plume temperature and density. The atmospheric residence time of HF was found to be less than four (4) days, and deposition (i.e., atmosphere to surface transport) is the dominant mechanism that controls the removal of HF and its oligomers from the atmosphere. The literature data on HF dry deposition velocity was relatively high compared to many commonly found atmospheric species such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, etc. The global average of wet deposition velocity of HF was found to be zero based on one literature source. Uptake of HF by rain drops is limited by the acidity of the rain drops, and atmospheric particulate matter contributes negligibly to HF uptake. Finally, given that the reactivity of HF at a high release rate and elevated mole concentration cannot be ignored, it is important to incorporate the reaction chemistry in the near-field dispersion close to the proximity of the release source, and to incorporate the deposition mechanism in the far-field dispersion away from the release source. In other words, a hybrid computational scheme may be needed to address transport and atmospheric chemistry of HF in a range of applications. The model uncertainty will be limited by the precision of boundary layer parameterization and ability to accurately model the atmospheric turbulence.     

长江上游流域秋季连阴雨时空变化特征

利用长江上游259个气象站逐日降水资料,采用线性趋势分析方法,分析了近1961—2012年来长江上游流域秋季连阴雨的时空变化特征。结果表明,长江上游流域秋季连阴雨过程平均出现1.54次/a,其中9月出现次数最多,10月次之,11月出现较少。秋季连阴雨日数、累积降水量分别以2.3 d/(10 a)、13.7 mm/(10 a)的速率显著减少,连阴雨开始和结束日期平均为9月9日和9月30日均表现出推迟趋势。进入21世纪后,5—9 d、10 d以上连阴雨过程的次数、80.0 mm以上连阴雨过程的次数均表现出减少趋势。金沙江下游和四川盆地东部为秋季连阴雨累计雨量及其变化速率的大值中心,四川盆地西南部为连阴雨日数及其变化速率的大值中心。9月的降水中心、雨日分布情况与秋季总体情况基本一致,10月降水中心、阴雨日数的中心出现了明显东撤,11月东撤更为明显。