Study on the severest real ground motion for seismic design and analysis

How to select the adequate real strong earthquake ground motion for seismic analysis and design of trucures is an essential problem in earthquake engineering research and practice.In the paper the concept of the severest design ground motion is proposed and a method is developed for comparing the severity of the recorded strong ground motions.By using this method the severest earthquake ground motions are selected out as seismic inputs to the structures to be designed from a database that consists of more than five thousand significant strong ground moton records collected over the world.The selected severest ground motions are very likely to be able to drive the structures to their critical response and thereby result in the highest damage potential.It is noted that for different structures with diffferent predominant natural periods and at different sites where structures are located the severest design ground motions are usually different.Finally.two examples are illustrated to demonstrate the rationality of the concept and the reliability of the selected design motion.     

重庆喀斯特地区土地覆被类型对土壤特征的影响

1 Introduction The karst region of Southwest China, with Guizhou Province as the center, extends across Yunnan Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Sichuan Province, Chongqing, western Hunan Province, Hubei Province, and Guangdong Province, coveri…     

一种新的正定平流方案及其在水汽预报方程中的应用

本文在Smolarkiewicz(1983)[1]方案的基础上,提出了一种新的正定平流方案。它是无条件计算稳定的,形式简单、物理意义清楚且阻尼小,能够很容易地应用到多维模式中。文中通过一简单的平流试验,与其它几种有名的正定平流方案进行了比较;最后将这种方案应用到国家气象中心细网格有限区域业务预报模式水汽预报方程中,避免了原水汽计算方案产生严重负水汽的问题,并对24h降水预报场进行分析。     

海水中钙的电位滴定

钙离子选择性电极为指示电极,饱和甘汞电极作参比,用硼砂盐缓冲液控制ｐＨ,以ＥＧ－ＴＡ为滴定剂进行电位滴定。与现行用ＧＨＡ为指示剂、ＥＧＴＡ为滴定剂的络合滴定法相比,可减小络合滴定中目测终点的人为误差,故测量精度优于０．０８％。     

陆相断陷湖盆强制湖退及沉积响应:以莱州湾凹陷沙三段为例*

强制湖退体系域(FSST)是由相对湖平面下降驱动、发育于相同层序高位体系域之上及新层序低位体系域之下、在相对湖平面下降时期形成的、与油气勘探关系密切的一种退覆地层,与沉积物供给的变化无关。基于三维地震、钻井岩心和测录井资料,在层序地层学和沉积学理论指导下,发现莱州湾凹陷古近系沙河街组三段发育一套强制湖退体系域地层,垂向上可划分为3期,自下而上命名为P1、P2和P3,P1向湖盆中央终止于FSST底界面,P3顶部为显著不整合的层序界面。顺物源方向地震响应特征为缺失顶积层的低角度斜交前积反射,该反射自西向东推进到湖盆中央;在垂直物源方向的地震剖面上,可见下切谷地震响应。测井响应GR曲线呈漏斗状的复合体,表明沉积响应为上粗下细的反旋回。岩心及测井相分析结果表明,该FSST为一套河流—三角洲沉积体系,三角洲前缘伴生滑塌湖底扇沉积体。综合盆地区域构造演化、沉积物供给和气候变化等因素,认为该套沉积体系是气候相对干旱和绝对湖平面下降的共同产物。莱州湾凹陷沙三段FSST的发现对其沉积解释具有重要地质意义,对研究区进一步的油气勘探开发具有指导意义,也对研究陆相断陷湖盆FSST的形成与发现具有借鉴意义。     

琼东南盆地华光凹陷大型海底重力滑动系统特征及其成因机制

海底重力滑动系统研究对认识海底斜坡稳定性和深水沉积过程具有重要意义.南海北部琼东南盆地华光凹陷上中新统及其以上地层中发育一个大型的自南向北滑动的海底重力滑动系统.利用区域二维地震资料,查明了该大型海底重力滑动系统的地震相和发育特征,探讨了其可能的形成原因.该海底重力滑动系统由伸展域、过渡域、收缩域、滑动面和软弱层等5个要素构成;其发育演化可划分为晚中新世前重力滑动、上新世同重力滑动和第四纪后重力滑动等3个阶段:前重力滑动为物质准备阶段,水道复合体沉积于半深海泥质斜坡之上,为重力滑动提供物质基础;同重力滑动为重力滑动系统发育的主体阶段,沉积物披盖在强烈变形而产生的地形上,同时也发生一定程度的变形;后重力滑动为重力滑动系统萎缩阶段,沉积物逐渐将重力滑动产生的凸凹地形填平,并继续沉积.斜坡地形和高沉积物供给是海底重力滑动系统发育的基础;基底断层活化和底辟作用可能是触发其发育的动力源.      

桂北苗儿山- 越城岭印支期（含电气石）白云母花岗岩及相关的Nb- Ta- W成矿作用

桂北苗儿山-越城岭岩基是一个多时代复式岩体,出露有新元古代、加里东期、印支期和燕山期花岗岩,与花岗岩相关有多个加里东期和印支期的大型W矿床,如牛塘界钨(锡)、界牌钨铜、云头界钨钼矿床等,另外越城岭的戈洞坪地区还发现了燕山期铌钽成矿作用。豆乍山岩体位于苗儿山岩体中部,主要由二云母花岗岩组成,本次研究在豆乍山钻孔样品中发现富含Nb-Ta-W氧化物的(含电气石)白云母花岗岩,为进一步全面认识苗儿山-越城岭地区的多时代成矿信息,查明不同类型成矿过程,对钻孔内花岗岩及其成矿作用开展了详细的研究。钻孔样品主要包含二云母花岗岩和细粒的(含电气石)白云母花岗岩,其中细粒的(含电气石)白云母花岗岩穿插了主岩体。详细的矿物学工作显示(含电气石)白云母花岗岩中含有多样的稀有金属副矿物,其中白云母花岗岩中有铌铁矿族矿物、铌铁金红石、锡石等氧化物,而含电气石白云母花岗岩则包含了复杂的Nb-Ta-W的氧化物矿物集合体,主要为铌铁矿族矿物、钨铌铁矿、骑田岭矿和黑钨矿等;另外还在白云母花岗岩中发现一些富含白钨矿的电气石细脉。白云母花岗岩中岩浆锡石U-Pb定年结果为219±4 Ma,属于印支期成矿作用。结合岩相学观察结...     

区域变质作用中岩石的质量迁移和元素活动：以庐山双桥山群变泥？…

依据质量平衡原理,从地球化学组成探讨了庐山双桥山群泥质岩系在区域变质作用过程中岩石的质量迁移和元素活动,结果表明黑云母片岩和（十字）石榴片岩相对于板岩,其质量分别损失了约１７％和２３％,元素Ｓｉ、Ｎａ、Ｋ、Ｒｂ、Ｓｒ有明显的活动迁移,Ａ１、Ｕ、ＲＥＥｓ等地有一定的活动性。岩石质量迁移与元素活动晃区域变质过程中变质流体的结果。     

中低温开放含硫水热体系中水岩淋滤实验研究

针对湘中湘西矿区的地质实际在１００￣３００℃,２０ＭＰａ压力条件下,对中低温开放含硫水热体系地层岩石中Ｓｂ、Ａｓ、Ｈｇ的多元素进行了淋滤实验研究。实验结果表明,随温度的升高,Ｓｂ和Ｈｇ的淋滤率增大;低温富硫热液有利于Ｓｂ和Ａｓ的活化迁移。同时,水岩比值、岩性以及岩石中元素的存在形式也是控制元素活化能力的重要因素。     

Effects of contamination of single and combined cadmium and mercury on the soil microbial community structural diversity and functional diversity

To assess the effects of single and combined pollution of cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) on soil micro-bial community structural and functional diversities, an incubation experiment was conducted, by employing two soils, namely, the marine sediment silty loam soil and the yellowish-red soil, in which five levels of Cd, Hg and Cd and Hg in combination were added. After being incubated for 56 days, the phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) profile and sole carbon source utilization pattern (BIOLOG) of the samples were tested. The results showed that the compo-sition of the microbial communities changed significantly at different levels of metals application. The principal component analyses (PCA) of PLFAs indicated that the structure of the microbial community was also significantly altered with increasing levels of metals, with increasing PLFAs biomarkers for fungi and actinomycetes, and in-creasing ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria. Sole carbon source utilization pattern analysis revealed that single and combined application of Cd and Hg inhibited significantly the functional activity of soil microorgan-isms, the functional diversity indices [Richness (S), Shannon-Wiener indices (H) and Evenness (EH)] were signifi-cantly lower in polluted soils than those in non-polluted soils, which also significantly altered with increasing levels of metals. PCA for the sole carbon source utilization pattern also indicated that the metal contamination could result in a variable soil microbial community. The results revealed that the combination of Cd and Hg had higher toxicity to soil microbial community structural and functional diversities than the individual application of Cd or Hg.