Correlation between Solar Flare Productivity and Photospheric Magnetic Field Properties II. Magnetic Gradient and Magnetic Shear

With 1353 vector magnetograms observed at Huairou Solar Observing Station (HSOS), a statistical analysis is made on the relationship among solar flares, magnetic gradient, and magnetic shear. The results suggest that flare productivity has positive correlations with the gradient and the shear, which can be well fitted by the Boltzmann sigmoidal function. In the vicinity of neutral lines, high gradient and strong shear are roughly coincident in time but barely in position. In addition, flare productivity is more sensitive to the length of neutral lines with strong gradient and shear (L _gs) than independently with strong gradient (L _g) or strong shear (L _s), which means that L _gs can be a better parameter for solar flare forecasting models. Finally, an algorithm to evaluate projection effects on the statistical results is proposed.     

A theory of loosening earth pressure above a shallow tunnel in unsaturated ground

A theory is proposed to evaluate the loosening earth pressure (vertical earth pressure after excavation) acting on a shallow tunnel in unsaturated ground with an arbitrary groundwater level. The theory is developed based on the limit equilibrium theory, combining soil–water characteristic curves, Mohr–Coulomb failure criteria, and effective stress for unsaturated soils. The proposed theory is applied to predict the vertical distribution of loosening earth pressure in unsaturated ground, which shows a significant difference from that in saturated ground. In unsaturated ground, suction contributes to the increase in effective loosening earth pressure and shear resistance. The remarkable effects of groundwater depth, soil type, and scale of overburden height and trapdoor width on loosening earth pressure are also revealed. Based on the soil–water characteristic curve, the degree of saturation decreases, which causes wet density to decrease and the total and effective loosening earth pressures to have contrary tendencies. Moreover, effective loosening earth pressures vary with soil type as the degree of saturation varies. The total loosening earth pressures are, however, very similar regardless of soil type, because wet density and shear resistance have similar tendencies. The proposed theory provides a valid model for loosening earth pressure in unsaturated ground that will be useful for shallow tunnel excavations.     

Identification of karst features with spectral analysis on the seismic reflection data

The use of high-resolution seismic tools to investigate karst terrain has had limited success due to the ambiguous seismic events caused by lateral heterogeneities of the sedimentary cover, as well as the superimposition of surface waves. To address these problems, a spectral analysis scheme is proposed on the seismic reflection data to characterize karst features in this paper. First, the S-transform is applied to suppress the ground roll. As a type of time–frequency transform, the S-transform provides frequency-dependent resolution while maintaining a direct relationship with the Fourier spectrum. Application of a filter based on the S-transform attenuates ground roll in a time–frequency domain. Then, the continuous wavelet transform is employed for the time–frequency mapping of potential karst features, which are featured as frequency differentiation anomalies. Synthetic model and real-data example validate the efficiency of the spectral analysis scheme for the detection of karst features.     

Sanxicun landslide: an investigation of progressive failure of a gentle bedding slope

Natural Hazards - A gentle bedding slope (16° dip angle) failure at Sanxicun (SXC) village in Dujiangyan city was triggered by heavy rainfall in 2013. The landslide has a sliding distance of...     

Reconstruction of catastrophic outburst floods of the Diexi ancient landslide-dammed lake in the Upper Minjiang River,Eastern Tibetan Plateau

Natural Hazards - Landslide-dammed lake outburst floods (LLOFs) may pose serious safety threats to nearby residents and their livelihoods, as well as cause major damages to the downstream areas in...     

深部水文地质研究的机遇与挑战

经济社会快速发展需要更多的能源与资源保障,地球深部资源与能源极其丰富。“向地球深部进军”是经济社会发展需要与资源勘查开发技术、经济效益成本承受能力相匹配的必然发展趋势。随着“碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标的提出,绿色低碳高质量发展成为时代发展的主旋律。为满足能源、资源保障和生态环境保护等重大需求,加大清洁能源勘探开发力度、提高碳封存能力、强化地质储能研究等显得尤为重要。深部水文地质作用与此息息相关,亟待重视和加强研究。本文采用文献分析法,通过学科发展历程与热点焦点问题的综合对比研究,对深部地下水分布与循环理论研究、深部地下水地质作用下地热与锂资源成藏、深部地热-干热岩与页岩气等清洁能源开发、深部咸水层CO₂地质封存、地质储能等方面涉及的深部水文地质研究现状和未来趋势进行了分析总结,认为深部水文地质在高温高压条件下地下水循环动力机制、物质能量转换过程、水岩相互作用、成热成藏机理和勘查监测技术精准度等方面尚需深入系统的研究,而储层非均质性刻画、热源机制、深部资源能源可持续开发技术、人工干预下深部资源环境演变特征、水力压裂诱发地震以及断层对流体触发的敏感性和触发过程演变等是未来应给予重点关注的关键性问题。     

基底非均一性对琼东南盆地新生代构造变形差异的影响: 来自物理模拟实验的启示

琼东南盆地位于南海北部大陆边缘西北部,是新生代形成的北东向伸展盆地,其断裂走向、次级凹陷分布方向、构造样式等在东西部表现出明显差异。文章采用构造解析与构造物理模拟相结合的方式,探究先存的中生代构造几何形态及基底性质差异对琼东南盆地东西部构造差异性演化的控制作用。实验结果表明：（1）先存构造薄弱带几何边界分布方向与区域伸展方向共同控制了琼东南盆地主要断裂的走向以及断裂构造样式。由于先存构造薄弱带边界方向存在东西差异,在早期NW向拉伸阶段（Tg-T80）盆地断裂系统在东西部就已表现出明显的分段特征。西部由于垂向拉伸产生一组NEE向断裂;东部由于斜向拉伸,发育至少两组方向的断裂,一组与应力方向垂直（NEE向）,另一组沿着构造薄弱带分布（WE向）。后期断裂活动继承和改造了这一时期的断裂,使断裂系统更加复杂。先存构造薄弱带几何形态变化是导致琼东南盆地东西部构造差异性发育的主控因素。（2）基底强度差异性对上覆构造的断裂数量以及地貌起伏特征有一定影响。琼东南盆地在东西部的断裂走向及构造样式上的差异性受基底强弱、先存构造形态及构造应力方向的共同控制。     

琼东南盆地深水区源—储共控的天然气成藏模式

琼东南盆地深水区天然气成藏过程复杂。通过开展区域构造—沉积演化、烃源岩—储层识别评价及油气运聚等多方法的综合性研究,明确了中央拗陷天然气来源、优势成藏组合及区带。研究表明,崖城组三角洲的发育规模及古地貌控制了煤系和陆源海相烃源岩的分布,形成了生气为主、油气兼生的渐新统陆源海相烃源岩;受早渐新世三角州分布、中中新世以来沉积充填速率及水深变化的控制,预测中央坳陷南斜坡及松南低凸起区优质烃源岩规模更大,且储层在相同的海拔深度条件下,相比北部陡坡带势能较低,油气输导能力更佳。深水区崖城组优质海相烃源岩、大型三角州砂岩输导体及低流体势区的耦合分布控制了天然气初次运移的优势方向,中央坳陷南部斜坡及低凸起是下一步大中型气田的突破方向。     

Correlation between grain shape and critical state characteristics of uniformly graded sands: A 3D DEM study

Acta Geotechnica - The multi-scale characteristics of particle morphology, including the overall form, local roundness and surface roughness, affect the critical state behavior of sands and should...