Study on linear and nonlinear bottom friction parameterizations for regional tidal models using data assimilation

Data assimilation technique (adjoint method) is applied to study the similarities and the differences between the Ekman (linear) and the Quadratic (nonlinear) bottom friction parameterizations for a two-dimensional tidal model. Two methods are used to treat the bottom friction coefficient (BFC). The first method assumes that the BFC is a constant in the entire computation domain, while the second applies the spatially varying BFCs. The adjoint expressions for the linear and the nonlinear parameterizations and the optimization formulae for the two BFC methods are derived based on the typical Largrangian multiplier method. By assimilating the model-generated ‘observations’, identical twin experiments are performed to test and validate the inversion ability of the presented methodology. Four experiments, which employ the linear parameterization, the nonlinear parameterizations, the constant BFC and the spatially varying BFC, are carried out to simulate the M₂ tide in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea by assimilating the TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry and tidal gauge data. After the assimilation, the misfit between model-produced and observed data is significantly decreased in the four experiments. The simulation results indicate that the nonlinear Quadratic parameterization is more accurate than the linear Ekman parameterization if the traditional constant BFC is used. However, when the spatially varying BFCs are used, the differences between the Ekman and the Quadratic approaches diminished, the reason of which is analyzed from the viewpoint of dissipation rate caused by bottom friction. Generally speaking, linear bottom friction parameterizations are often used in global tidal models. This study indicates that they are also applicable in regional ocean tidal models with the combination of spatially varying parameters and the adjoint method.     

An isopycnic-coordinate internal tide model and its application to the South China Sea

A three-dimensional isopycnic-coordinate ocean model for the study of internal tides is presented. In this model, the ocean interior is viewed as a stack of isopycnic layers, each characterized by a constant density. The isopycnic coordinate performs well at tracking the depth variance of the thermocline, and is suitable for simulation of internal tides. This model consists of external and internal modes, and barotropic and baroclinic motions are calculated in the two modes, respectively. The capability of simulating internal tides was verified by comparing model results with an analytical solution. The model was then applied to the simulation of internal tides in the South China Sea (SCS) with the forcing of M2 and K1 tidal constituents. The results show that internal tides in the SCS are mainly generated in the Luzon Strait. The generated M2 internal tides propagate away in three different directions (branches). The branch with the widest tidal beam propagates eastward into the Pacific Ocean, the most energetic branch propagates westward toward Dongsha Island, and the least energetic branch propagates southwestward into the basin of the SCS. The generated K1 internal tides propagate in two different directions (branches). One branch propagates eastward into the Pacific Ocean, and the other branch propagates southwestward into the SCS basin. The steepening process of internal tides due to shoaling effects is described briefly. Meridionally integrated westward energy fluxes into the SCS are comparable to the meridionally integrated eastward energy fluxes into the Pacific Ocean.     

库车坳陷北部山前带中生界烃源岩有机岩石学

应用全岩有机岩石学分析方法,对库车坳陷北部山前带中生界三叠系和侏罗系烃源岩的显微组分、主要富氢组分、有机质类型及热演化程度进行了研究。结果表明：库车坳陷北部山前带侏罗系克孜勒努尔组烃源岩显微组分总含量最高,恰克马克组烃源岩最低。中生界烃源岩显微组分组成具有镜质组含量高、壳质组和惰性组相对发育、腐泥组贫乏的特征。不同层位具有一定差异性,克孜勒努尔组和塔里奇克组中镜质组含量较高,恰克马克组壳质组相对发育。孢子体、壳屑体、角质体和藻类体是其主要的富氢组分,恰克马克组富氢组分相对含量最高。烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅲ型和Ⅱ2型为主,有利于生气,镜质组反射率Ro为056%~187%,热演化程度处于成熟-高成熟阶段。克拉苏—依奇克里克构造带冲断前缘烃源岩显微组分总含量与热演化程度均相对较高,为烃源岩的最大成熟生烃中心。烃源岩高生烃潜力与高的壳质组含量和低的陆源有机质含量有关。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区延长组页岩气储层孔隙结构特征

为了评价陆相页岩气储层的储集空间和储气能力,以鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区上三叠统延长组长7段、长9段页岩为研究对象,运用电子扫描显微镜、高压压汞、低温CO2和N2气体吸附等实验方法,对陆相页岩气储层孔隙类型特征、孔隙结构及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明：(1)延长探区上三叠统延长组陆相页岩发育多种类型微观孔隙,以粒间孔和粒内孔为主,少量晶间孔和溶蚀孔,有机质孔发育较少,为陆相页岩气赋存提供了储集空间;(2)延长组页岩中介孔(2～50 nm)贡献了其主要的孔容和比表面积,占总孔容的7437%,占总比表面积的6440%,且长9段页岩的总孔容和总比表面积均大于长7段页岩;(3)延长组页岩孔隙结构以狭缝型孔和板状孔为主,孔径主要分布在04～09 nm、3～25 nm和5～200 μm区间段内,延长组页岩平均孔径为853 nm,且长7段页岩平均孔径大于长9段页岩;(4)页岩有机碳含量、有机质成熟度及矿物成分含量共同影响着延长组页岩孔隙的发育,其中矿物成分含量是以介孔孔隙为主的延长组页岩孔隙发育的主控因素,有机碳含量及成熟度的增加主要对页岩中微孔孔隙的发育起到积极作用。     

柴达木盆地跃西油田E3^2-N1储层沉积相研究

以岩心描述、分析化验为基础,结合岩电特征,研究小层沉积微相类型和分布特征、通过岩性、沉积构造、粒度分析、薄片鉴定和测井等资料的综合分析,建立研究区沉积微相类型组合、利用取心井资料,对部分井进行了单井微相划分,并完成储层特征研究,为油田明确主力产层微相特征和制定开发对策提供了有益指导。     

煤系页岩气储层研究进展

煤系页岩气是煤系非常规天然气的重要类型。储层研究可为煤系页岩气开发提供理论基础。基于国内外文献调研分析,从煤系页岩分布与地化特征、储层特征与含气性、煤系页岩气赋存状态、富集影响因素、有利储层优选方面,阐述了煤系页岩气储层研究进展。研究表明:煤系页岩单层厚度薄,累计厚度大,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,储层矿物中黏土矿物含量相对较高,含气量具备商业开发所需条件。煤系页岩气赋存状态本质上取决于储层孔隙结构,页岩气在微孔中主要以吸附态的形式存在,而在中孔和宏孔中游离态是其主要存在形式。煤系页岩气富集主要受到有机质特征、储层矿物组成、储层结构特征、岩性组合的影响。有机质含量高有利于页岩气赋存;黏土矿物具有较强的吸附能力,多发育微孔和中孔,有利于页岩气富集;储层孔隙度的增加有利于页岩气富集;煤系页岩与煤层互层时,存在压力封闭和煤层气充注,利于富集。煤系页岩气有利储层优选为:TOC含量>2%,R o>0.7%,孔隙度>2%,脆性矿物含量>30%,黏土矿物含量<50%,含气量>1 m 3/t,煤系页岩有效厚度定为>30m、埋深>1000m,同时应考虑气藏封闭性及构造稳定性。     

库车坳陷东部吐格尔明地区天然气地球化学特征及油气充注史

库车坳陷东部油气地质条件复杂,天然气成因与油气充注时间存在争议,油气充注史不明,制约其油气勘探进程。利用天然气组分、碳同位素组成、流体包裹体岩相学与均一温度等分析测试数据,结合沉积埋藏史及构造演化史,研究了库车坳陷东部吐格尔明地区天然气地球化学特征、天然气成因类型及油气充注时间,分析了油气充注成藏过程。结果表明：吐格尔明地区天然气组分以甲烷为主,甲烷含量为75.56%～90.11%,干燥系数为0.79～0.93;δ¹³C₁和δ¹³C₂值为-35.73‰～-33.80‰和-26.41‰～-25.30‰,天然气成因类型属于成熟阶段的煤成气。吐格尔明地区侏罗系砂岩储层发育两类流体包裹体,分别为黄色液态烃包裹体和蓝白色荧光的气液烃包裹体、灰色的气烃包裹体,表明该区存在两期油气充注,第一期为13～7 Ma的原油充注,第二期为2.6 Ma以来的天然气充注。康村组早中期,吐格尔明地区烃源岩形成的原油充注至宽缓背斜圈闭中保存;库车组晚期,侏罗系克孜勒努尔组与阳霞组发育良好的源储组合,天然气近距离充注成藏。     

沁水盆地阳泉区块太原组煤系页岩孔隙结构特征

页岩孔隙结构是影响页岩气赋存与储集的基本因素之一.为研究高演化海陆过渡相煤系页岩的孔隙结构和评价页岩气储集能力,主要运用扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞、低温N2和CO2气体吸附实验方法,对沁水盆地阳泉区块太原组海陆过渡相煤系页岩孔隙微观特征与孔隙结构进行了研究,并分析了太原组煤系页岩孔隙发育的影响因素.研究结果表明:沁水盆地...     

黔北地区牛蹄塘组页岩气成藏条件及有利区评价

为评估黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气资源潜力,根据井下岩心和露头岩样的地球化学实验分析结果,对黔北地区牛蹄塘组页岩气成藏条件进行了研究,并评价了该区页岩气成藏的有利区。研究表明:黔北地区牛蹄塘组页岩主要形成于深水陆棚相沉积,页岩埋深适中(<3 000 m),富有机质页岩厚度较大(30~110 m),有机碳含量高(平均TOC>3.0%),有机质类型主要为Ⅰ型,热演化程度高(R_o>2.0%,为过成熟),页岩储层物性为低孔渗,发育大量的微米-纳米级孔裂隙,富含石英等脆性矿物(平均含量>40%),页岩含气量较高(平均1.5 m³/t),具备良好的页岩气成藏条件。在上述基础上,提出东南部的石阡-余庆-施秉一带为黔北地区牛蹄塘组页岩气成藏有利区。     

琼东南盆地冷泉差异发育特征及其深部控制机理

海底冷泉与天然气水合物资源、全球气候变化和极端环境生态系统等重大问题密切相关,具有重要的科学意义。冷泉系统形成演化影响因素众多,其时空分布、活动特征及相关物理、化学和生物作用差异较大。冷泉活动的浅表层响应与深部控制要素的耦合关系、冷泉差异发育的流体动力学过程与控制机理等科学问题有待深入研究。以琼东南盆地为主要研究对象,针对冷泉差异发育特征及其控制机理问题,以流体动力学研究为主线,深浅连通,将浅表层冷泉观测数据与深部地质环境、地层压力等要素相结合,精细刻画冷泉流体从物源层向浅表层运移的渗漏通道特征,建立冷泉浅表层响应与深部要素之间的耦合关系,揭示冷泉差异发育的流体动力学模式,探讨冷泉差异发育的控制机理,以期为冷泉环境水合物勘查与试采、深海物质和能量迁移转化及极端环境的生态系统研究提供理论依据。