基于高分辨率地形数据的断层陡坎形态演化与强震活动关系研究

断层陡坎的形态可以保存有关断层带上地震活动等重要信息,陡坎上的坡折就是多次地震发生后陡坎演化留下的微地貌信息。以往研究选取的断层陡坎多为位于标准阶地面上的断层陡坎,而断层沿线地貌现象复杂,因此需要探索一种具有普适性的断层陡坎形态研究方法。本研究将常见的断层陡坎剖面按照形态划分为三种类型,以LiDAR技术获取的0.2m分辨率DEM数据为基础,选择了8个属于不同断层陡坎剖面类型的实验区,每个实验区采集不少于20条剖面,通过窗口检验确定研究区最佳数据获取移动窗口为7个像元并计算每条剖面的坡度值,通过坡度约束限定陡坎范围,进而识别坡折并获取坡折信息。对坡折信息进行概率密度统计,根据概率密度统计图中的峰值个数确定强震事件的次数。结果显示,陡坎形态研究结果与古地震探槽结果表现出较好的一致性,表明本文提出的陡坎形态研究方法可以适用于不同类型断层陡坎来确定强震事件次数。     

Seismically induced changes in groundwater levels and temperatures following the ML5.8 (ML5.1) Gyeongju earthquake in South Korea

Hydrogeological responses to earthquakes such as changes in groundwater level, temperature, and chemistry, have been observed for several decades. This study examines behavior associated with M_L 5.8 and M_L 5.1 earthquakes that occurred on 12 September 2016 near Gyeongju, a city located on the southeast coast of the Korean peninsula. The M_L 5.8 event stands as the largest recorded earthquake in South Korea since the advent of modern recording systems. There was considerable damage associated with the earthquakes and many aftershocks. Records from monitoring wells located about 135 km west of the epicenter displayed various patterns of change in both water level and temperature. There were transient-type, step-like-type (up and down), and persistent-type (rise and fall) changes in water levels. The water temperature changes were of transient, shift-change, and tendency-change types. Transient changes in the groundwater level and temperature were particularly well developed in monitoring wells installed along a major boundary fault that bisected the study area. These changes were interpreted as representing an aquifer system deformed by seismic waves. The various patterns in groundwater level and temperature, therefore, suggested that seismic waves impacted the fractured units through the reactivation of fractures, joints, and microcracks, which resulted from a pulse in fluid pressure. This study points to the value of long-term monitoring efforts, which in this case were able to provide detailed information needed to manage the groundwater resources in areas potentially affected by further earthquakes.

     

Multi-method investigation of mass transfer mechanisms in a retrogressive clayey landslide (Harmalière,French Alps)

Landslides - The mass transfer mechanisms in landslides are complex to monitor because of their suddenness and spatial coverage. The active clayey Harmalière landslide, located 30 km south of...     

Rock Outcrop and Its Ecological Function in Terrestrial Ecosystem

Rock Outcrop (ROC) is very common in terrestrial ecosystems, typically in karst. ROCs play both positive and negative effects in ecosystems. They may collect precipitation (including throughfall), wet/dry deposition, host bacteria, fungi, muss and lichen, and even vascular plants. Both plants and their growing matrixes on ROCs differ greatly from their nearby soil patches. Water and organic and inorganic materials received and produced on ROCs is easily redistributed to their nearby soil patches, put strong influence on water and elements process in soil patches, and thus, affect the plants growing on soil surface. However, quantitative study on water and materials received and produced is scarce, nor on the eco-hydrology effect, thus, blocking the explanation of karst ecosystem succession, block the strategy formulation on countermeasures of karst desertification.     

盐渍化冻土-混凝土衬砌接触面直剪试验研究

土与结构接触面的研究一直以来是岩土工程研究的热点之一。为研究位山灌区渠系工程冻害破坏问题,开展了不同盐类型、不同含盐量、不同含水率条件下渠道下卧盐渍土-混凝土衬砌冻结接触面直剪试验研究。结果表明：冻结状态下接触面的应力-位移破坏性状呈脆性破坏,存在明显的峰值应力;剪切变形包括线性变形和非线性变形,线性变形随含水率和含盐量的增大而减小,非线性变形随含盐量的增大而增加;剪切模量随含水率的增加而提高;随含盐量的增加而降低;抗剪强度随含水率的增加而增大,随NaCl含盐量增加而降低,随Na₂SO₄含盐量增加先降低后升高;通过对变形能的分析发现,含水率w=14.7%和w=16.7%时具有相似特征,即NaCl含量为0.5%时,曲线存在极（最）小值。     

Spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture based on multifractal analysis

Based on the experimental data collected from 2002 to 2010 in Jilin province, we performed multifractal analysis to investigate the spatial variability of soil moisture during 9 years from 2002 to 2010 and about 60 days from April 21 to June 21 in 2010, and analyzed the relationship between soil moisture and precipitation. The results showed that the soil moisture was multifractal. It was intermediate variability in the soil sample. From 2002 to 2010, the spatial variation of soil moisture was charactered by long distance in 2004, 2006, and 2009 and short distance in 2002, 2003, and 2008. The spatial variation of soil moisture was charactered by long distance from April 21 to May 11 and late June. It was charactered by short distance from May 11 to June 21. From April 11 to July 1, 2010, the spatial variation of soil moisture was mainly affected by the spatial variation of precipitation. From 2002 to 2010, the spatial variation of soil moisture was mainly affected by precipitation in 2006, 2009, and 2010. The spatial variation of precipitation had little effect on soil moisture during 2002 to 2005 and 2007 to 2008. This study analyzed the multifractal characteristic of soil moisture from the perspective of water resources divisions, which can provide references for soil water resources evaluation and water resources allocation.     

Landslide susceptibility analysis based on ArcGIS and Artificial Neural Network for a large catchment in Three Gorges region,China

A landslide susceptibility map is very important and necessary to efficiently prevent and mitigate the losses brought by natural hazard for a large area. For the purpose of landslide susceptibility analysis for the whole Xiangxi catchment (3,209 km²), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) analysis was applied as the main method. The whole catchment was divided into two parts: the training area and the implementation area. The backwater area (559 km²) of Xiangxi catchment was used as the training area for the ANN method. In the training area the correlations between the landslide distribution and its causative factors, which includes lithology, slope angle, slope curvature and river network, have been analyzed based on the geological map and digital elevation model (DEM). The back-propagation training algorithm in ANN was selected to train the sample data from the training area, which were composed of input data (causative factors) and target output data (landslide occurrence), in order to find the correlations between them. Based on these correlations and input data in the implementation area (causative factors), the network output data were obtained for the implementation area. In the end, a map of landslide susceptibility, which was established by network output data, was presented for Xiangxi catchment. ArcGIS was applied to extract and quantify input information from a DEM for susceptibility analysis and also to present the result visually. As a result, a landslide susceptibility map, in which 70 % of all landslides are rightly classified in the training area (backwater area), was created for Xiangxi catchment.     

Effects of fatigue on the physiological parameters of labor employees

Human factors have contributed to the causes of several accidents. The physiological parameters change law of labor employees before and after fatigue is researched in this paper. The purpose of this research is to find the relationship between physiological parameters and fatigue, design corresponding fatigue monitoring and early warning system, reduce the accident rate and optimize the working environment. The labor employees’ heart rate, RR interval, respiration rate and blood pressure under fatigue state are determined in the laboratory. The change law of labor employees’ heart rate, RR interval, respiratory rate and blood pressure are analyzed based on the paired samples t test by using SPSS software. The results show that labor employees’ heart rate and RR interval have no significant difference before and after fatigue. Labor employees’ respiration rate has significant difference before and after fatigue: the respiration rate decreased after fatigue. Labor employees’ blood pressure has significant difference before and after fatigue: blood pressure of labor employees after fatigue can be elevated. The results provide a richer theoretical and practical basis in what criteria are used to determine the fatigue. It has important significance in the safety management field and accident prevention.     

数字环境下面状要素分级设色的适宜方案分析

为探究明度与色相同步变化时不同分级设色方案在数字环境下的适宜性,基于Munsell色彩调和秩序与CIEDE2000色差公式设计了7种分级设色方案,并开展了视觉认知试验。试验结果表明：①增加各级间色差会导致颜色辨识的准确性增强;②与各级间色差相等的色阶相比,色差先增大后减小的色阶有利于读图判别;③图斑面积分布均匀程度对颜色辨识的影响并不显著;④色阶的总色差增大,会导致颜色过渡的协调性降低。色差先增大后减小的色阶能产生较好的辨识效果,同时保持较好的色彩协调性,且相关规律可以推广到图斑面积分布均匀程度不同的地图中,在分级设色中运用具有优势。     

渗透潜堤对沙滩剖面演化影响的物理模型试验研究

由于对海岸景观和生态环境影响较小,渗透潜堤被广泛用于沙滩整治修复和侵蚀防护。在波浪水槽中开展物理模型实验,研究潜堤对沙滩剖面演化的影响。采用浪高仪阵列和激光扫描仪采集了水面高程变化和沙滩剖面高程,分析了波浪传播的相关水动力特征,包括波高沿程分布、透射系数、波浪能谱以及非线性指标(偏度和斜度),不同入射波浪和潜堤设置情况时沙滩剖面的变形特征,统计了沙滩侵蚀关键因子(岸线蚀退距离、单宽侵蚀量等),探讨了沙滩侵蚀与波浪条件、渗透潜堤特征参数之间关系,提出了沙滩侵蚀量与渗透潜堤无量纲特征参数的估算公式。研究表明:在堤顶破碎、大孔隙介质阻力和堤前反射综合作用下,入射至近岸沙滩的波浪能量降低,潜堤具有消浪和沙滩侵蚀防护作用;泥沙整体离岸输运,潜堤向岸侧淤积;对于实验考虑的工况,潜堤位置变化对沙滩防护效果的影响较小,堤顶宽度增加更利于消浪和滩面防护,潜堤对于较强的波浪表现出更好的沙滩防侵蚀效果。