单元畸变对动力有限元方法计算精度的影响

在有限元分析中,由于求解区域或边界的不规则,有限单元的划分会产生畸变单元。本文通过数值试验分析了有限单元畸变对动力有限元计算精度的影响,结果表明:长宽比畸变对动力有限元计算精度没有影响;当斜交角不小于30°时,斜交角对动力有限元计算精度的影响可忽略;锥度对动力有限元计算精度有影响,锥度越大,锥度对动力有限元计算精度的影响越大。     

Spectral lag of gamma‐ray bursts caused by the intrinsic spectral evolution and the curvature effect

Assuming an intrinsic ‘Band’ shape spectrum and an intrinsic energy‐independent emission profile we have investigated the connection between the evolution of the rest‐frame spectral parameters and the spectral lags measured in gamma‐ray burst (GRB) pulses by using a pulse model. We first focus our attention on the evolution of the peak energy, E_0,p, and neglect the effect of the curvature effect. It is found that the evolution of E_0,p alone can produce the observed lags. When E_0,p varies from hard to soft only the positive lags can be observed. The negative lags would occur in the case of E_0,p varying from soft to hard. When the evolution of E_0,p and the low‐energy spectral index α₀ varying from soft to hard then to soft we can find the aforesaid two sorts of lags. We then examine the combined case of the spectral evolution and the curvature effect of fireball and find the observed spectral lags would increase. A sample including 15 single pulses whose spectral evolution follows hard to soft has been investigated. All the lags of these pulses are positive, which is in good agreement with our theoretical predictions. Our analysis shows that only the intrinsic spectral evolution can produce the spectral lags and the observed lags should be contributed by the intrinsic spectral evolution and the curvature effect. But it is still unclear what cause the spectral evolution (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Role of Ekman transport versus Ekman pumping in driving summer upwelling in the South China Sea

Relative roles of Ekman transport and Ekman pumping in driving summer upwelling in the South China Sea (SCS) are examined using QuikSCAT scatterometer wind data. The major upwelling regions in the SCS are the coastal regions east and southeast of Vietnam (UESEV), east and southeast of Hainan Island (UESEH), and southeast of Guangdong province (USEG). It is shown that the Ekman transport due to alongshore winds and Ekman pumping due to offshore wind stress curl play different roles in the three upwelling systems. In UESEV, Ekman pumping and Ekman transport are equally important in generating upwelling. The Ekman transport increases linearly from 0.49 Sv in May to 1.23 Sv in August, while the Ekman pumping increases from 0.36 to 1.22 Sv during the same period. In UESEH, the mean estimates of Ekman transport and Ekman pumping are 0.14 and 0.07 Sv, respectively, indicating that 33% of the total wind-driven upwelling is due to Ekman pumping. In USEG, the mean Ekman transport is 0.041 Sv with the peak occurring in July, while Ekman pumping is much smaller (0.003 on average), indicating that the upwelling in this area is primarily driven by Ekman transport. In the summers of 2003 and 2007 following El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, both Ekman transport and Ekman pumping decrease in UESEV due to the abnormally weak southwest monsoon. During the same events, however, Ekman transport is slightly enhanced and Ekman pumping is weakened in UESEH and USEG.     

Experimental investigation of spatially varying effect of ground motions on bridge pounding

Pounding between adjacent bridge structures with insufficient separation distance has been identified as one of the primary causes of damage in many major earthquakes. It takes place because the closing relative movement is larger than the structural gap provided between the structures. This relative structural response is controlled not only by the dynamic properties of the participating structures but also by the characteristics of the ground excitations. The consequence of the spatial variation of ground motions has been studied by researchers; however, most of these studies were performed numerically. The objective of the present research is to experimentally evaluate the influence of spatial variation of ground motions on the pounding behaviour of three adjacent bridge segments. The investigation is performed using three shake tables. The input spatially varying ground excitations are simulated based on the New Zealand design spectra for soft soil, shallow soil and strong rock using an empirical coherency loss function. Results confirm that the spatially nonniform ground motions increase the relative displacement of adjacent bridge girders and pounding forces. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Screening of Emerging Volatile Organic Contaminants in Shallow Groundwater in East China

In order to collect baseline information on the environmental occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in groundwater in East China, shallow groundwater samples were collected from five alluvial plains in East China in 2008 to 2009. All samples were analyzed for 54 VOCs representing a wide variety of uses and origins. Sampling sites were mainly selected in the areas to be susceptible to contamination from human activities in terms of previous hydrogeological survey. The data of all samples showed a variety of different hydrogeological systems with potential sources of VOCs, with 36 of the 54 VOCs being found. The most frequently detected compounds include naphthalene (56.9%), chloroform (16.9%), 1,2‐dichloroethane (16.2%), 1,2‐dichloropropane (13.1%), and 1,2,3‐trichlorobenzene (12.3%). The concentrations of methylene chloride, 1,2‐dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethene, 1,2‐dichloropropane, and tetrachloroethene exceeded the relating drinking water standards. Future work will be needed to identify those factors that are most important in determining the occurrence and concentrations of VOCs in groundwater in China.     

重大建设工程基本自振周期估算方法探讨

在对规范和文献资料的研究和分析的基础上,本文探讨了(超)高层建筑、巨型储油罐、大跨桥梁工程等重大建设工程基本自振周期的估算方法.在工程场地地震安全性评价工作中,可采用本文提供的重大建设工程基本自振周期估算的公式.同时,本文为长周期地震动对工程结构作用的相关参数的合理确定提供了依据.     

UHTCC新型梁柱节点抗震性能试验研究

为研究超高韧性水泥基材料新型梁柱节点的抗震性能,进行了6榀缩尺比例为1/2的框架中节点的低周反复载荷试验,对不同轴压比和体积配箍率下梁柱节点的受力特点、裂缝开展形式、滞回特性进行了研究。结果表明,超高韧性水泥基材料能明显改善节点核心区的抗裂性能和剪切延性,具有更好的耗能能力,可部分或全部替代节点处箍筋的抗剪作用,具有良好的经济效益。     

罕遇地震下RC低矮框架失效相关性拟动力试验分析

为研究罕遇地震下低矮结构的失效相关性问题,设计了两榀钢筋混凝土对称与非对称三跨二层框架结构模型,通过拟动力试验,对低矮框架结构在罕遇地震作用下柱截面各约束的失效特点和相关规律进行了统计与分析,以期为低矮结构在罕遇地震作用下的失效相关性理论提供试验支持,文中指出钢筋材性的相对均匀性是造成罕遇地震下大量截面约束同时失效的主要原因。     

Measurement of aerosol effective density by single particle mass spectrometry

Single particle mass spectrometry has been widely used to determine the size and chemical compositions of atmospheric aerosols; however, it is still rarely used for the microphysical properties measurement. In this study, two methods were developed for determining aerosol effective density by a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). Method I retrieved effective density through comparison between measured light scattering intensities and Mie theoretical modelled partial scattering cross section. Method II coupled a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) with SPAMS to simultaneously determine the electric mobility and vacuum aerodynamic diameter, and thus the effective density. Polystyrene latex spheres, ammonium sulfate and sodium nitrate were tested by these methods to help validate their effectiveness for determining the aerosol effective density. This study effectively extends SPAMS measurements to include particle size, chemical composition, light scattering, and effective density, and thus helps us better understand the environment and climate effects of aerosols.     

基体差异对电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定过程中Ba氧化物产率的影响及其对Eu测定结果校正的研究

电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS） 测定地质样品中稀土元素的过程中,尤其对于高Ba基体的地质样品,由Ba形成 的氧化物和氢氧化物离子对Eu元素会产生质谱峰的重叠干扰,严重影响Eu测定结果的准确度和精确度。通过标准溶液的 条件实验,测定Ba干扰项相对Ba总量的比例（干扰率） 并进行相应的Eu扣除,是一种解决干扰导致Eu测定结果偏高的思 路。然而该干扰率在不同基质溶液中是否一致,且随着Ba含量变化是否稳定目前尚不明确。本文通过对不同基体溶液中Ba 对Eu干扰率的测定（低分辨模式测定）,发现随着溶液中Ba浓度的变化,同一基体溶液中该干扰率较为恒定,而不同基体 溶液中干扰率有明显的差别。这说明在对Eu测定结果进行干扰扣除时,需要利用匹配的基体溶液来获取准确的Ba干扰 率。应用这种方法扣除得到的Eu结果与质谱的高分辨模式（R=10000） 下的测定结果较为一致,数据的重现性也较为理 想。因此,利用基体匹配的方式来进行Ba对Eu的数学扣除是一种可行的方法。