Transboundary water, more competitive utilization and uncertain availability under the globalization trend, the issue of its apportionment which directly impacts national benefits of each riparian state is becoming one of the important topics in the world. Water is scarce in China, the most important upstream state in Asia, and this task has to be thought over in the coming future. Based on "International Freshwater Treaties Database" (1820-2007) by Oregon State University, and publications and reports on transboundary water utilization and management since 1999, 28 indicators of water apportionment adopted in 49 international treaties and cases in 1864-2002 are divided into 6 types, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the adopted indicators are analyzed in order to find the key indicator(s) of transboundary water apportionment. The major results include: the major adopted indicators, have significant differences among 5 regions/continents, the indicators at rank first and second place in the developed region (North America and Europe) according to the adopted times are "keeping minimum water flow" and "mean annual runoff", but in the developing region (Asia, Africa and South America), the ranking order of the above two indicators is reversed; the major adopted indicators in the watersheds with insufficient water are "mean annual runoff" and "keeping minimum water flow", the ones in the watersheds with sufficient water are "keeping minimum water flow" and "maximum water intake"; the international treaties signed from the first phase to the fourth phase, the developing process shows a progress of "fewer-increasing a lot-decreasing rapidly-equation basically", the regional distribution of the treaties shifts mainly from the developed region to the developing one, especially to Asia and Africa; the major adopted indicators shifts from "keeping minimum water flow" and "mean annual runoff" in 1864-1945, to "keeping minimum water flow" and "maximum water intake" in 1946-1971, then to "hydraulic facility operation" and "mean annual runoff" in 1972-1991, and finally to "keeping minimum water flow" and "mean annual runoff" in 1992-2002, the process shows similar a loop. Finally, the key indicator on transboundary water apportionment can be determined as "keeping minimum water flow". 相似文献
A series of environmentalegeological problems have been caused by over-exploitation of deep
groundwater (i.e., confined aquifer water) in the North China Plain. In order to better understand the status
of deep groundwater over-exploitation and the resultant environmentalegeological problems on a regional
scale, the over-exploitation of groundwater has been assessed by way of the groundwater exploitation
potential coefficient (i.e., the ratio of exploitable amount of deep groundwater to current exploitation),
cumulative land subsidence, and long-term average lowering rate of the groundwater table. There is a good
correlation among the results calculated by the different methods. On a regional scale, deep groundwater
has been over-exploited and there is no further exploitation potential under the current conditions. The
groundwater exploitation degree index takes the exploitation in 2003 as the reference for the calculations,
so the results mainly reflect the degree of current groundwater exploitation. The results of over-exploitation
of deep groundwater obtained by land subsidence data and long-term average rate of depression of the water
table mainly reflect environmentalegeological problems caused by exploitation of deep groundwater. 相似文献