Comparison of soil moisture products from microwave remote sensing,land model,and reanalysis using global ground observations

High-quality soil moisture (SM) datasets are in great demand for climate, hydrology, and other fields, but detailed evaluation of SM products from various sources is scarce. Thus, using 670 SM stations worldwide, we evaluated and compared SM products from microwave remote sensing [Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) (C- and X-bands) and European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI)], land surface model [Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS)], and reanalysis data [ECMWF Re-Analysis-Interim (ERA-Interim) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)] under different time scales and various climates and land covers. We find that: (a) ESA CCI and GLDAS have the closest values to the in situ SM on the annual scale, whereas others overestimate the SM; ERA-Interim (averaged R = 0.58) and ESA CCI (averaged R = 0.54) correlate best with the in situ data, while GLDAS performs worst. (b) Overall, the deviations of each product vary in seasons. ESA CCI and ERA-Interim products are closer to the in situ SM at seasonal scales, and AMSR-E and NCEP perform worst in December–February and June–August, respectively. (c) Except for NCEP and ERA-Interim, others can well reflect the intermonthly variation of the in situ SM. (d) Under various climates and land covers, AMSR-E products are less effective in cold climates, whereas GLDAS and NCEP products perform poorly in arid or temperate and dry climates. Moreover, the Bias and R of each SM product differ obviously under different forest types, especially the AMSR-E products. In summary, SM from ESA CCI is the best, followed by ERA-Interim product, and precipitation is an important auxiliary data for selecting high-quality SM stations and improving the accuracy of SM from GLDAS. These results can provide a reference for improving the accuracy of the above SM products.     

Embodied carbon emissions in China-US trade

China-US trade holds great significance for the world's political and economic landscape. Since 2018, the US government has imposed additional tariffs on Chinese exports on the grounds of the US trade deficit with China. However, the transfer of pollutants embodied in trade and the differences in environmental costs between China and the US have not been widely recognized. In this study, we quantify the embodied carbon emissions(the "virtual" emissions associated with trade and consumption) in China-US trade by constructing a carbon dioxide emissions inventory and a multiregional input-output model.The study shows that the US benefits from a trade surplus of environmental costs by importing energy-intensive and pollutionintensive products from China, which increases China's environmental pollution and abatement costs. In 2017, 288 Mt CO_2 emissions were associated with products produced in China but finally consumed in the US, and only 46 Mt CO_2 were associated with the US products that were consumed in China. From this perspective, China-US trade results in a net transfer of 242 Mt CO_2 per year from the US to China, accounting for approximately 5% of the total CO_2 emissions in the US. More importantly, for Chinese products exported to the US, the carbon emissions embodied in one unit of economic value amount to 0.92 kg/$(RMB:USD=6.8:1), but for US products exported to China, the carbon emissions embodied in one unit of economic value amount to 0.53 kg/$, which means China will incur environmental costs that are 74% higher than those of the US while enjoying the same economic benefits. This environmental trade deficit has burdened China with higher environmental costs than economic benefits.To address this environmental trade deficit, China should actively promote further industrial upgrading and energy structure adjustment and increase investment in innovation and RD, thereby increasing the value added per unit of export products and reducing the environmental cost of producing export products.     

三峡地区枯水期强降水前期指标分析

利用三峡地区东部６个站１９６１－１９９４年１０月－１月的逐日降水量资料和逐日历史天气图资料，统计分析了５００ｈＰａ环流形势呈“大Ｕ”型的条件下，三峡地区有无区域性强降水的前期指标，并用１９９５年资料进行检验，１９９６年资料进行试报。结果表明可根据５００ｈＰａ天气图上小槽位置，孟加拉湾槽位置及地面天气图上锋面位置３个指标的组合并结合其它消空条件能较好地预报“大Ｕ”型环流形势下三峡地区有无区域性强降水     

A~200 ka pollen record from Okinawa Trough:Paleoenvironment reconstruction of glacial-interglacial cycles

Pollen analysis was carried out on the Core MD982194 of 29.78 m retrieved from the Middle Okinawa Trough which was dated as old as~200 ka BP.The results revealed that pollen assemblages mainly presented an alternation of coniferous and herb pollen.The coniferous saccate pollen,principally Pinus and Tsuga,predominated in most parts of the core,especially highlighted in the interstadial stages including MIS 1,3,5 and MIS7,whereas the herb pollen significantly increased in the glacial periods.Thus the pollen flora and their percentages showed the sensitive changes under the influence of ice volume during the glacial and interglacial periods.Our record from this core has first documented that the percentage of Cyperaceae was extremely high in the glacial stages with a notable increase in Artemisia,Gramineae,Asteraceae,Chenopodiaceae,and freshwater algae,which can be used as a proxy for sea-level change at the study site because of their close negative correlation of the orbital-scale changes in sea level.The distance between the continental coastline and the Okinawa Trough has deeply shortened due to the sea-level drop in the LGM.As a result,the sediment materials from Yangtze River were extensively deposited on the flat,exposed continental shelf owing to the rapid decline of river flow speed,leading to that pollen grains from Okinawa Trough are derived mainly from the flat coastal vegetation of exposed continental shelf at glacial stages.Changes of pollen assemblage were consistent with the variation of temperature and humidity,which showed that the percentage of arboreal pollen was highly augmented at MIS 7,5 and MIS 1,corresponding to the strengthening of the East Asian summer monsoon and increasing of rainfall.Moreover,the peak of Pinus percentage in MIS 5.3,5.1 and MIS 3.3 may be closely linked by orbital and sub-orbital cycles of solar radiation and monsoonal variability.The present study of core MD981294 implied lower temperature and precipitation during the lowest sea-level stage(LGM),and more visibly testified that the vegetation of the flat plain on the exposed continental shelf was dominated by intrazonal communities such as halophyte grasslands and freshwater wetlands instead of zonal steppe or semi-arid desert.All above evidence demonstrated that the fundamental changes of pollen assemblage and their origins in Okinawa Trough since~200 ka BP were affected by combine factors including the coastline position and climate fluctuation.Moreover,the substantial shortening of distance between shoreline and the Okinawa Trough driven by orbital insolation cycles was clearly indicated by the pollen spectra,whereas the source-area climate signal of the pollen record was largely weakened.     

New paleomagnetic results from Ceno-Mesozoic volcanic rocks along southern rim of the Tarim Basin,China*

Paleomagnetic samples were collected from four localities located in the southern rim of the Tarim basin. The samples were taken from volcanic rocks erupted between Jurassic and Quaternary. Detailed analysis of all samples has been carried out with progressive thermal demagnetization. A characteristic remanence (ChRM) with higher unblocking temperature has been isolated from all samples. The pole position from the middle Jurassic is at 52.5°N, 187.9°E(dp = 3.7°,dm =6.5°); the directions of the ChRM of Cretaceous correspond to a paleopole at 69.7°N, 211.6°E (dp = 9.8°,dm = 15.9°); the Quaternary pole from the Pulu site is at 79. 9°N, 183.1°E(dp = 1.6°.dm =2.4°). On the basis of these new paleomagnetic data, tectonic evolution of Tarim block is presented.

     

北天山地区活动逆断裂-褶皱带构造与潜在震源区估计

北天山山前逆断裂－褶皱带是典型的大陆内部活动挤压构造,该地区的地表活动构造、隐伏活动构造及活动背斜都受地下深处近水平滑脱断层控制。对１９０６年玛纳斯地震（Ｍ７．７）的发震构造、地表变形与破裂特征和山前活动逆断裂带上古地震的研究表明,北天山山前隐伏活动深断坡具备大地震发生的构造条件,大致以金钩河为界分为东西两段,相应地构成两个大地震潜在震源（Ｍ８）。山前第２条玛纳斯逆断裂－褶皱带和第３条独山子逆断裂－褶皱带中的各个活动背斜,以及西湖隆起等可能是８个中强地震的潜在震源（Ｍ６）。     

前兆观测资料与地震活动时间序列的Morlet小波变换及相关性分析

Morlet小波在时、频两域都具有良好的局部性,是对时间序列进行多尺度分析和局部特性研究常用的小波变换方法。本文运用Morlet小波变换分析了云南省大理市下关水化站1990~2013年期间水氡、水汞、流量、气压和固体CO2月均值时间序列的变化特征,并与同时期大理市附近50km以内ML2.0~2.9、100km以内ML3.0~3.9、200km以内ML4.0~4.9和600km以内MS≥5.0地震活动月频度的Morlet小波变换特征进行了对比研究,分别计算了5项前兆资料月均值与4个震级范围地震活动月频度的小波平方模之间的相关系数,并对其相关性进行了探讨。     

俯冲带中水流体的化学性质研究进展

俯冲带中的水在壳幔演化和物质交换中起重要作用。本文就俯冲带中水的物理化学性质、溶液中的离子缔合、混溶、主量元素与微量元素组成等方面进行了阐述。重点剖析:1)超临界态下温度压力条件的改变导致水微观结构与性质的变化,扩散系数、粘度等性质随之改变,进而对水岩反应产生影响;2)富水流体中离子缔合影响着金属配合物数量,很大程度制约流体中矿物的溶解行为;3)低Cl流体中微量元素配分模式与岛弧玄武岩类似,意味着富水贫氯碱性硅酸盐成分的流体在地幔楔元素运移中起关键作用。并展望了俯冲带中流体化学性质研究的新手段。     

滇东黔西上二叠统含煤岩系泥岩粘土矿物组成及环境意义*

滇东黔西上二叠统含煤岩系形成于陆相到海陆过渡相环境中,其泥岩的粘土矿物组成可以反映这种环境背景。该区泥岩粘土矿物类型以高岭石和伊利石/蒙皂石间层矿物为主,伊利石次之,局部层段见较少绿泥石及蒙皂石。垂向上,高岭石在富源后所矿区、盘县盘关矿区剖面中下部（即宣威组中、下段和龙潭组）含量偏高;伊利石在织金矿区剖面上部（长兴组）和下部（龙潭组下段）含量明显偏高,而在剖面中部（龙潭组上段）偏低;伊利石/蒙皂石间层矿物在后所矿区、盘关矿区、纳雍矿区占绝对优势,而在织金矿区仅在剖面中部含量较高,并与伊利石呈明显的负相关关系;蒙皂石含量很少,仅出现于盘关矿区和织金矿区剖面的上部和下部。粘土矿物的上述分布特征可大致反映出龙潭早期为海侵期,龙潭晚期为海退期,长兴期为新的更大的海侵期。平面上,从陆到海,即从滇东的冲积平原河流体系,向东经盘关向斜的上三角洲平原、纳雍的过渡带三角洲平原,到织金的下三角洲平原及潮汐平原,高岭石含量急剧减少,伊利石含量逐渐增加。最为明显的是从滇东河流体系到黔西三角洲—潮坪体系之间高岭石含量骤然减少。     

内蒙古架子山钼(银)矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

本文通过对内蒙古架子山斑岩型钼(银)矿床7件辉钼矿样品的Re-Os同位素测定与分析,获得了辉钼矿的模式年龄介于143.1±2.1～147.2±2.4 Ma之间,加权平均年龄为145.8±1.4 Ma(MSWD=1.5),对应的等时线年龄为147.4±1.4 Ma (MSWD=1.5),表明架子山钼(银)矿床形成于晚侏罗世,属中国东部燕山期大规模钼成矿期成矿。架子山钼(银)矿床Re含量在37.62×10^-6～401.34×10^-6之间,平均值为121.28×10^-6,表明架子山钼(银)矿床的成矿物质具有壳幔混源特征。