Quantitative relationships between precipitation and temperature over Northeast China, 1961–2010

This paper investigates monthly and seasonal precipitation–temperature relationships (PTRs) over Northeast China using a method proposed in this study. The PTRs are influenced by clouds, latent and sensible heat conversion, precipitation type, etc. In summer, the influences of these factors on temperature decrease are different for various altitudes, latitudes, longitudes, and climate types. Stronger negative PTRs ranging from ?0.049 to ?0.075 °C/mm mostly occur in the semi-arid region, where the cold frontal-type precipitation dominates. In contrast, weaker negative PTRs ranging from ?0.004 to ?0.014 °C/mm mainly distribute in Liaoning Province, where rain is mainly orographic rain controlled by the warm and humid air of East Asian summer monsoon. In winter, surface temperature increases owing to the release of latent heat and sensible heat when precipitation occurs. The stronger positive PTRs ranging from 0.963 to 3.786 °C/mm mostly occur at high altitudes and latitudes due to more release of sensible heat. The enhanced atmospheric counter radiation by clouds is the major factor affecting increases of surface temperature in winter and decreases of surface temperature in summer when precipitation occurs.     

强震触发崩塌滚石运动特征研究

高强度、长持时汶川地震诱发大量边坡滚石,滚石源于岩体结构面切割而成的块体或岩土质边坡中尺寸较大的孤石。以汶川地震未扰动现场滚石痕迹的判识、测量取样及分析,得出强震作用下块体(石)是以一定初始速度抛射而出的; 其坡面运动表现为滑动、滚动、跳跃与3种方式的组合。选取2个典型强震崩塌点为例进行研究,基本结论:(1)与重力作用下崩塌滚石运动特征是有显著区别的,地震触发滚石具有一定的平抛速度,初始速度除与地震烈度有关外,还与地形地貌有关,其中变坡点、凸起点、端部速度较大; (2)滚石三边(长、宽、高)比例越接近,其运距越远; 坡面相对1/2高度以上,运动方式表现为跳跃-滚动、跳跃-滑动为主,其下滚石则以滑动、滚动运动为主; (3)规模(质量)大的滚石多停留于第一着地点附近或边坡坡脚宽缓地带,滚石运动消能方式为摩擦或碰撞解体; 滚石平台阻滞率为54％,树(灌)木拦阻率为12％。通过反演,计算了非弹性碰撞法向恢复系数Rn与切向恢复系数Rt,其中裸露基岩Rn=0.2,Rt=0.6,一般覆盖层Rn=0.3,Rt=0.8。滚石在运动过程中的弹跳理论高度在0.2~1.3m之间,坡面相对高差与最远滚动距离之比约为1/2。     

Formation,mechanism and significance of alluvial-dammed lakes in Golmud River catchment,north-eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

This study investigated a series of dammed lakes and downstream-adjacent alluvial fans in the upstream to middle reaches of the Golmud River in the eastern Kunlun Mountain, on the north-eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). An optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) chronology shows the sediments of five dammed lakes developed from c. 45–40, 30–25, 18–14, and 12–8 ka, corresponding to MIS 3b, late MIS 3a, Last Deglaciation, and early Holocene, respectively. The remote sensing data show these dammed lakes have a total area of 109.4 km², with the lake volume of more than 4.0 km³. Symmetric alluvial fans from north–south tributary valleys produced OSL ages of c. 61–52, 42–31, 26–20, and 16–10 ka, corresponding to glaciation periods: the MIS 3c and MIS 3a, MIS 2, and the Last Deglaciation. This suggests that glacial activity is responsible for the alluvial fan development, where dammed rivers occurred first, but lake formation did not take place synchronously until later periods of strong hydrologic activity, resulting from northward intrusions of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) or glacier melt. Thus, the blocking pattern is that river valleys were dammed during periods of glacial activity and lakes formed during wet periods. The lake formation and subsequent drainage may have resulted in: (i) impeded headwater incision and strengthening of downstream dissection; (ii) enriched the halite and potash in the distal Qarhan Salt Lake through hydrologic and hydrochemical processes of abundant water input, the salt lake expansion, salt redissolution from playa and final resedimentation during later dry periods. The alluvial-dammed lake pattern in the mountain-basin systems of eastern Kunlun Mountain offers a model for assessing the linkages between monsoon dynamics, geomorphic processes and distal salt lake evolutions in other arid regions.     

金厂峪、峪耳崖金矿自然金的标型特征及其意义

本文重点阐述了金厂峪、峪耳崖金矿自然金的产状、粒度、形态、成色、数量元素，晶胞参数的特征及其在矿床成因研究和找矿中的意义。经系统对比研究认为：峪耳崖金矿北矿带７中段以下仍有金矿脉延伸；峪耳崖金矿形成于中生代，金厂峪金矿的形成与早于中元古代的韧性剪切带有关，并受到后期地质作用的较大影响。     

地震日常分析会商辅助软件的设计与实现

介绍了地震日常分析会商辅助软件的特点,功能及使用,软件由三个模块组成：地震目录DBF月报文件格式转换为EQT文件、Qc值筛选地震事件、小震综合震源机制解数据格式转换。软件为地震分析会商提供数据预处理服务,便于专业技术人员提高工作效率。     

山西省测震台站纵波段初至前小振幅波成因浅析

通过查看山西测震数字台网2009年1400个记录清晰事件波形,发现在ML4.5的事件中有158次初至波前出现奇异小信号,在ML≤2.8的微小地震中小振幅波记录更加清晰。统计发现,这些小信号出现在使用GURALP公司生产的CMG-3ESPC地震计、CMG-DM24数据采集器的9个子台记录中,而其它型号的仪器系统中均未见。小信号主要集中在震中距60km的近台记录初至前0.2～0.7s,经FFT分析,得出小信号频率集中在45～50Hz。认为该频率的信号在CMG仪器系统上有记录,主要是因为港震等其他类型的仪器系统可能将这部分频率成分过滤掉了,而它们恰好处在CMG仪器系统的记录范围内。     

面向服务的南京市电子地图编制及应用

近年来政府部门和社会公众对城市电子地图的内容、现势性、服务方式等多个方面提出了越来越高的要求,面对迫切的应用需求,南京市规划局组织开展了面向服务的南京市电子地图编制工作,并积累了一定的成果和经验。本文主要阐述面向服务的南京市电子地图的分类与特点、标准建设、编制技术要点,并介绍其应用情况。     

利用遗传算法反演山西地区非弹性衰减系数、场地响应和震源参数

利用山西台网的数字波形资料,基于遗传算法,用Atkinson方法得到山西地区介质的品质因子Q值随频率的关系为Q =420.7f0.369.采用Moya方法反演山西数字地震台网40个台站的场地响应均表现与频率有关,其中27个台站的场地响应在频率域不平坦,只有13个台站的场地响应基本没有放大.震源参数的计算结果表明,地震震级与地震距呈线性关系,但地震距与应力降以及应力降与震源半径之间的依赖关系不太明确.     

基于“十五”测震分析处理软件MSDP的多种地震定位方法

选取山西地震台网2001--2008年ME≥1．0的3268个地震事件数据,用“十五“测震分析处理软件MSDP的单纯型定位法、HYP02000、LOCSAT、HYPOSAT定位方法的定位结果进行对比,分析认为：单纯型定位法的定位结果相对稳定,是网内、网缘和网外最理想的定位方法。     

新疆2次中强地震前气枪震源反射波震相走时异常变化初步研究

以新疆2次5级左右地震为震例样本,选取震中附近石河子台、石场台和乌苏台记录的2013年8月以来的气枪震源信号数据,依据反射波震相,采用互相关检测技术等,研究2次5级左右地震前走时变化特征,得到如下研究结果:1根据单双层"3400走时表"速度模型,参考理论Pm P走时选取震相窗是可靠的;22次5级左右地震前3个台站记录的Pm P走时变化均出现4个月和2个月左右不同程度的低值异常过程,相对走时变化幅度约为0.1%~0.26%,距震中较近的石河子台、石场台的异常特征显著于较远的乌苏台;32次5级左右地震前走时异常变化时间和幅度均存在差异,这可能与震级和震中位置有关。