Black carbon particles in the urban atmosphere in Beijing

A study of the concentration of black carbon particles and its variation in the urban atmosphere has been carried out since 1996 in the Beijing area. The measurements were done in the late autumn and early winter each year, the period before and after domestic heating activities begin. The results show the presence of black carbon particles at the high level that vary over a large range in the urban atmosphere in Beijing. The mean value of daily average concentration for the whole observation period of 1996-2004 is 20.0 μgm^-3. An evident decrease of black carbon particle concentration in the Beijing area is observed after 2000, and the daily average concentration of black carbon particles is estimated to be 16.0 μgm^-3 with a variation range of 2.10-50.50 μgm^-3 for the period of 2000-2004. The observation method and main variation behavior characteristics of black carbon particles in the urban atmosphere in the Beijing area are given and discussed.     

The mechanism of deep material transport and seismogenic environment of the Xiaojiang fault system revealed by 3-D magnetotelluric study

Science China Earth Sciences - The Xiaojiang fault system (XJFS), located to the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau, has a complicated tectonic history and is an ideal location to study the Tibetan...     

金龙山地区斜坡滑动优势面分析

据优势面分析原理和方法,对金龙山地区斜坡各种结构面所作的优势面分析结果显示:浅层强风化岩体中顺坡向剪切裂隙,是控制浅层顺层滑坡发生发展的滑动优势面;深层弱风化岩体中粘土岩风化软弱夹层、斜坡上段拉张裂隙与斜坡下段顺坡向剪切裂隙三者相组合,是控制深层顺层滑坡发生的滑动优势面。当地受滑动优势面控制的滑坡变形破坏模式有:浅层为蠕滑—拉裂,深层为滑移—弯曲。     

植被变化对中国区域气候的影响Ⅰ:初步模拟结果

利用区域气候模式（RegCM2）对中国植被变化的气候影响进行了模拟研究,结果表明:江淮流域洪涝灾害增多及华北干旱的加剧可能是北方草原沙漠化与南方长绿阔叶林退化共同影响的结果,而且南方植被退化对其的影响似乎更严重。严重的植被退化会导致降水与植被退化之间的正反馈,易使退化区不断向外扩展且退化难以恢复。而程度较轻的植被退化,退化与降水减少之间是一种负反馈,当人为压力减弱后,退化较易恢复,但由于地表径流的增加,易导致洪涝灾害的发生。植被退化使气候变得更加恶劣,而北方草原植被增加使气候变得温和。但植树区外围的降水减少,易使新栽树林由外向内退化,说明目前的北方草原区气候似乎不支持在该地区出现大面积的森林。     

Flood risk assessment and mapping based on a modified multi-parameter flood hazard index model in the Guanzhong Urban Area,China

The aim of this study is to promote appropriate land development policies and to improve operations of flood risk in urban areas. This study first illustrated a multi-parameter flood hazard index (FHI) model for assessing potential flood risk areas in the Guanzhong Urban Area (GUA), a large-scale urban area in northwestern China. The FHI model consisted of the following seven parameters: rainfall intensity, flow accumulation, distance from the river network, elevation, land use, surface slope, and geology. The parameter weights were assigned using an analytical hierarchy process and the sum weight of the first three parameters accounted for 71.21% of the total weight and had significant influence on flooding. By combining with population factor, the FHI model was modified to estimate the flood control area in the GUA. The spatial distribution of the flood risk was obviously different in the flood hazard area and flood control area. The very low risk and medium risk area in the flood control area increased by 11.19% and reduced by 9.03% compared to flood hazard area, but there were no obvious differences in other levels of risk areas. The flood control assessment indicated that very high flood risk areas were principally concentrated along river banks (the Weihe River and its tributaries) and in the middle of the Guanzhong Plain. Land use and population distribution are related to flooding. Especially, forestland was located in 84.48% of the very low risk area, while low risk areas were mainly located in 91.49% of high population dispersion area.     

"黑碳的农业与生活源排放对东亚气候、空气质量的影响及其气候-健康效益评估"项目中期研究进展

国家重点研发计划“黑碳的农业与生活源排放对东亚气候、空气质量的影响及其气候-健康效益评估”课题的中期研究进展可归纳如下:1)针对观测和实验平台,课题组进行了针对飞机气路的重新设计和改装,加装了用于航测的大气黑碳(BC)、气溶胶光学、细颗粒物粒径谱、颗粒物组分及气体组分来源示踪相关仪器,对飞机设备进行了质量控制,并设计了针对课题研究的新飞行方案。搭建了多套源排放模拟燃烧实验平台和监测系统。2)开展了基于飞机和飞艇的针对华北、华中、长三角及山东地区的黑碳垂直廓线观测。通过空地联合观测,捕捉到了华北和华中等地跨区域的黑碳大气传输过程,探讨了传输的机制。3)组织了多次农村能源消耗调查。基于室内实验初步研究了民用燃料(煤和生物质)排放气溶胶的数浓度和单颗粒气溶胶(包括黑碳)组成、混合状态、实时演化特性。初步构建了中国民用燃煤和生物质燃烧的多污染物(包括黑碳)1 km×1 km排放清单。4)建立了黑碳的光学特性和混合特性模型。采用在线大气化学耦合模式(WRF-Chem)针对黑碳气溶胶对气象要素和边界层发展的影响进行模拟,探讨了黑碳-边界层相互作用机制对地面臭氧浓度的影响,揭示了黑碳对空气污染加剧/减弱影响的物理和化学机制。改进了地球系统模式,为后期开展黑碳气溶胶辐射效应的研究打下了坚实的技术基础。5)在北京和成都市开展了黑碳浓度对居民中不同类人群的呼吸及循环系统死亡率的影响研究,开展了黑碳浓度对居民急诊就诊人数的影响研究,分析了黑碳的健康效应。     

Erratum to: Arctic multiyear sea ice variability observed from satellites: a review

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - The affiliations of the authors of this article unfortunately contained a mistake.     

河南省东亚飞蝗发生时间序列突变分析

用累积距平和Mann Kendall方法研究了 195 0～ 2 0 0 0年河南省东亚飞蝗发生时间序列的变化趋势及其突变 ,结果表明 :河南省东亚飞蝗发生时间序列的变化趋势十分明显 ,1985年以后河南省东亚飞蝗发生程度明显加重 ,飞蝗的发生面积在 196 6年发生突变。气候变化可能是近几年河南省东亚飞蝗再次持续大发生的主要原因之一 ;秋蝗比夏蝗发生程度波动性更大的原因可能在于蝗虫自身对恶劣环境的适应性。     

相山地区河元背深部钻探工程钻柱扭矩分析

钻探过程中钻柱向孔底传递荷载,承受着拉、压、弯、扭、振等复杂的应力,其中钻柱所承受的工作扭矩是决定其安全的重要参数之一,需要定量分析,但在实际工作中,钻柱扭矩的直接测量十分困难。本文通过建立适当的扭矩计算模型,结合相山地区河元背深部钻探工程CUSD2井测量的相关钻进参数进行扭矩计算,并与实际间接测量的扭矩进行拟合对比分析,在验证模型可靠性的基础上,进一步分析了孔径变化对钻柱扭矩的影响以及钻进过程中扭矩消耗的分布规律,并提出了钻柱扭矩控制的建议。