印度洋海表温度主模态及其与亚洲夏季季风的关系

分析了印度洋SST主模态的时空特征,并探讨其对亚洲夏季季风的影响,结果表明:印度洋SST主模态的主要特征为整个海盆一致的增温趋势,主要具有准3a和准11a周期,在1976/1977年和1997/1998年分别具有两次年代际显著增温.印度洋SST主模态与中国雨区夏季降水有很好的关系,其增温趋势与华北、东北南部、华南东部和西南西部降水减少,长江中下游地区、东北北部和西北地区降水增多具有很好的关系,并与长江中下游梅雨雨量具有较好的正相关关系;其变化趋势对亚洲夏季季风系统具有显著影响,在高空,使南亚高压、高原南侧的高空东风以及从南海、东南亚至西南印度洋的高空越赤道气流减弱,但增强10°-20°N、40°-110°E的北风;在中层,使西北太平洋副热带高压强度偏强,面积偏大;在低层,增强索马里越赤道气流,但却削弱印度夏季季风低层环流,并且在加强东亚地区的低层南风在中国长江中下游地区及其以南地区的同时减弱华北地区的低层西南风;地面,使亚洲大陆的气压升高;与对流层整层垂直积分水汽输送通量的相关分布与低层环流的相似.因此,印度洋SST主模态的上升趋势是亚洲夏季季风趋于减弱和中国雨带南移的一个原因.     

焦作市农业气候资源及变化特点

焦作市的农业气候资源丰富,雨热同季,并有不完全同步的特性,10℃以上活动积温为4653~4960℃.d,降水量为548.8~590.5 mm,主要分布在4-10月,日照时数2107.5~2444.9 h。近40 a热量资源呈增多趋势,20世纪90年代的热量资源明显多于前30 a,水分变化不明显,日照时数呈递减趋势。     

2005年11月哈密暴雪天气 过程的诊断分析

2005年11月18日凌晨至20日，哈密出现罕见暴雪天气过程，此次降雪强度大，范围集中，南部大，北部小。利用NCEP1°×1°的6小时分析资料和非常规观测资料，对此次哈密地区的暴雪天气过程的环流背景、影响天气系统进行了动力和热力的诊断分析，并利用Q矢量及螺旋度方法作了天气动力学诊断分析。结果表明：（1）新疆西部高压脊东移发展，引导萨彦岭低涡东移南压，移入哈密地区，造成哈密暴雪天气。（2）萨彦岭低涡是一较深厚系统，是低层辐合高层辐散的垂直上升气旋性涡柱，为暴雪发生提供了有利的动力机制。（3）冷暖平流交汇，增强了斜压性，有助于低涡的发展加强。冷平流对锋生起到重要作用。（4）Q矢量辐合区及螺旋度正值区与低涡有较好的对应关系，对哈密降雪的预报有一定的指示作用。     

黄淮海地区1961~2006年干湿状况时空变化

自20世纪60年代以来,黄淮海地区的气候出现了降水减少、气温升高的变化趋势,分析气象要素之间的关系及其变化规律,对于合理规划水资源,保障经济可持续发展具有积极的意义.利用干燥度指数对该地区的干湿状况进行了分析,将该地区划分为湿润、半湿润、半湿润半干旱、半干旱半湿润和半干旱5个干湿气候区,其中以半干旱区范围最大.不同干湿类型区域间有明显的纬向分布特征,地势起伏亦对于湿区域的空间分布产生影响.对季节间干湿状况差异分析结果表明,该地区以夏季最为湿润,而冬春两季最为干燥.对年代间干湿状况变化分析表明,20世纪60年代和80年代半干旱区的范围相对较大,80年代半湿润和半湿润半干旱区的范围最大.对逐年干燥度变化趋势的分析表明,随着时间的推移.黄淮海地区干湿区域间的差异有变得更加显著的趋势,即半干旱区干燥度指数逐渐增大,而半湿润和湿润区的干燥度指数趋向减小.     

Impact of urbanization on boundary layer structure in Beijing

The Beijing meteorological tower is located in an area of Beijing, China, which has developed from a suburban to an inner city setting over the past 30 years. The impacts of this urbanization process on both the vertical profile and diurnal cycles of air temperature are investigated using hourly data collected from a series of monitoring levels (up to 325 m high) on the Beijing meteorological tower since 1984. We find that the inter-decadal temperature has increased gradually, and that a more significant increase occurred during the 1980s and 1990s due to the effects of urbanization. A well-defined change in temperature stratification was also observed over this period. The height of the temperature inversion layer decreased from the 1980s to the 2000s. A well-defined nighttime temperature inversion developed below 50 m during the summer in the 1980s, but this near-surface inversion is not seen in data from the 1990s and 2000s. This change can be related to an increase in turbulent mixing caused by urban roughness and surface heat storage that disturbs the near-surface temperature inversion layer. In addition, the diurnal change in temperature in the city in summer shows a maximum increase from sunrise to the early afternoon, which is mainly caused by the nature variability and global warming in both the summer and winter. The urbanization mainly contributes to the temperature increase in the afternoon and nighttime. Moreover the urbanization dominates the increase in daily mean near-surface temperature.     

Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Hindcasts of Stratospheric Sudden Warming by BCC_CSM1.1(m):A Comparison with ECMWF

This study focuses on model predictive skill with respect to stratospheric sudden warming(SSW) events by comparing the hindcast results of BCC_CSM1.1(m) with those of the ECMWF's model under the sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction project of the World Weather Research Program and World Climate Research Program. When the hindcasts are initiated less than two weeks before SSW onset, BCC_CSM and ECMWF show comparable predictive skill in terms of the temporal evolution of the stratospheric circumpolar westerlies and polar temperature up to 30 days after SSW onset. However, with earlier hindcast initialization, the predictive skill of BCC_CSM gradually decreases, and the reproduced maximum circulation anomalies in the hindcasts initiated four weeks before SSW onset replicate only 10% of the circulation anomaly intensities in observations. The earliest successful prediction of the breakdown of the stratospheric polar vortex accompanying SSW onset for BCC_CSM(ECMWF) is the hindcast initiated two(three) weeks earlier. The predictive skills of both models during SSW winters are always higher than that during non-SSW winters, in relation to the successfully captured tropospheric precursors and the associated upward propagation of planetary waves by the model initializations. To narrow the gap in SSW predictive skill between BCC_CSM and ECMWF, ensemble forecasts and error corrections are performed with BCC_CSM. The SSW predictive skill in the ensemble hindcasts and the error corrections are improved compared with the previous control forecasts.     

Ensemble standardization constraints on the influence of the tree growth trends in dendroclimatology

Climate Dynamics - Tree growth trends can affect the interpretation of the response of tree-ring proxies (especially tree-ring width) to climate in the low-frequency band, which in turn may limit...     

2017年8月13日东洞庭湖水龙卷特征

利用常规观测资料、自动气象站资料及湖南省岳阳多普勒天气雷达资料对2017年8月13日东洞庭湖水龙卷（简称扁山水龙卷）进行分析。结果表明：高空辐散、中低空低压切变、边界层气旋式辐合与特殊环境共同形成强烈辐合上升流场,3个相继北上的γ中尺度低涡中第2个低涡在上升流场和前后低涡共同作用下,在扁山水域迅速加强形成水龙卷,扁山湖心自动气象站风向风速、气压、能见度等变化较为显著,但仅伴随0.2 mm阵性降水。雷达产品显示：扁山水域强辐合带北部强降水质心低、强风切变低、切变上空水平径向风速小,但整条辐合带无风暴跟踪信息、中气旋和龙卷式涡旋特征;风廓线显示扁山水龙卷形成时边界层0.6 km中气旋与0.3 km近地面辐合流场上下叠加。通过与安徽升金湖水龙卷以及洞庭湖区历史上多次龙卷进行比较,认为低空强烈气旋式辐合流场对水龙卷生消有重要作用,高空大范围辐散与中低空、边界层、地面辐合垂直叠加产生的强烈抬升抽吸作用则是扁山水龙卷的主要成因。     

A revised method of presenting wavenumber–frequency power spectrum diagrams that reveals the asymmetric nature of tropical large-scale waves

The popular method of presenting wavenumber–frequency power spectrum diagrams for studying tropical large-scale waves in the literature is shown to give an incomplete presentation of these waves. The so-called “convectively coupled Kelvin (mixed Rossby-gravity) waves” are presented as existing only in the symmetric (anti-symmetric) component of the diagrams. This is obviously not consistent with the published composite/regression studies of “convectively coupled Kelvin waves,” which illustrate the asymmetric nature of these waves. The cause of this inconsistency is revealed in this note and a revised method of presenting the power spectrum diagrams is proposed. When this revised method is used, “convectively coupled Kelvin waves” do show anti-symmetric components, and “convectively coupled mixed Rossby-gravity waves (also known as Yanai waves)” do show a hint of symmetric components. These results bolster a published proposal that these waves should be called “chimeric Kelvin waves,” “chimeric mixed Rossby-gravity waves,” etc. This revised method of presenting power spectrum diagrams offers an additional means of comparing the GCM output with observations by calling attention to the capability of GCMs to correctly simulate the asymmetric characteristics of equatorial waves.