近50年来内蒙古查干淖尔湖水量变化及其成因分析

内蒙古查干淖尔湖是位于季风边缘区干旱与半干旱过渡带的封闭湖泊,对气候变化响应极为敏感.利用1958-2010年的查干淖尔湖21期遥感影像以及湖泊流域1955-2010年的3个气象站点和1个水文站点的气温、降水、蒸发和径流等数据,分析查干淖尔湖近50余年的湖泊水量、面积/水位波动及其原因.结果表明,近50年来在区域气候暖干化的背景下,查干淖尔湖不断萎缩,流域生态环境退化.1958-2010年湖泊容积以2×106m3/a的速度锐减66.9%(从124.1×106m3降到41.1×106m3),湖泊面积缩小73.3%(从105.3 km2降到28.1 km2),平均缩减速度为1.8 km2/a;流域年均气温上升了2.5℃,年降水量下降了36.6 mm.湖泊水量与流域气温和蒸发量显著负相关.查干淖尔湖分为东西两部分,中间由天然堤坝相连,东湖在水闸的人为控制下水位波动范围不超过1 m.西湖水位波动则相对剧烈,湖面下降7.6 m,于2002年彻底干涸,湖盆裸露,已成为盐尘暴、沙尘暴源地.     

高温高压条件下彭灌杂岩的强度对汶川地震发震机制的启示

采用汶川地震震源区彭灌杂岩中代表性细粒花岗岩样品,在固体围压介质三轴实验系统上开展了高温高压流变实验研究.实验的温度和压力条件按照龙门山断层带5~30 km深度对应的温度和压力（静岩压）设定.利用偏光显微镜和扫描电镜对实验样品进行微观结构观察.实验结果表明,实验样品在10~20 km深度都具有很高的强度,彭灌杂岩在该深度处于脆性破裂-脆塑性转化域,而在20~30 km实验样品强度显著降低,彭灌杂岩进入塑性流变域,这与流变结构中的极限强度很接近.以花岗岩为代表的彭灌杂岩的破裂强度决定了中上地壳的强度,在15~20 km深度不仅强度达到最大值,而且控制了断层不稳定滑动,具备地震成核条件.因此,把彭灌杂岩强度随深度变化规律与流变结构和滑动稳定性参数（a-b）结合起来得出,彭灌杂岩在15~20 km的高强度是汶川地震的孕育和发生的必要条件.     

Correcting the TRMM rainfall product for hydrological modelling in sparsely-gauged mountainous basins

This study developed a correction approach to improve the rainfall field estimation using the TRMM rainfall product in a sparsely-gauged mountainous basin. First, Thiessen polygons were generated to define the measurement domain of each raingauge. Second, the rainfall of TRMM pixels in each Thiessen polygon was corrected using a benchmark method based on the difference between the monthly rainfall estimated by a raingauge and the TRMM pixel that possessed a gauge station (referred to as a gauged pixel). Third, the rainfall values in the gauged pixels were adjusted to the weighted average value of the gauge rainfall and corrected pixel rainfall. Finally, the rainfall in the non-gauged TRMM pixels was corrected as the sum of two terms. The first term is the adjusted rainfall in the corresponding gauged pixel in the same Thiessen polygon, and the second term is the rainfall (after benchmark correction) difference between the current pixel and the gauged pixel. Our results indicate that the corrected rainfall data outperforms the original TRMM product in the simulations of moderate and low flows and outperforms the sparse raingauges in the simulations of both peak and low flows.

EDITOR A. Castellarin; ASSOCIATE EDITOR S. Huang     

大同地震窗P波频散衰减的异常变化特征

通过测量介质品质因子来开展大同窗附近测震台站记录P波衰减频散特征的研究,并分析大同窗近场区和外围区震例前后的变化。对山自皂台记录的2001年以来大同窗地震序列的研究结果表明,近场区3次和外围区6次地震前,介质品质因子显示超出1倍均方差的高值变化特征,震后逐渐恢复到背景起伏状态;与大同窗传统的频次指标相比,介质品质因子的映震效果更好;阳原台的结果表明,仅近场区1次和外围区2次地震前,介质品质因子显示超出1倍均方差的高值变化特征,且有虚报、漏报。所处地质构造位置不同、传播路径介质差异可能是引起上述两个台站附近介质品质因子的地震对应效果明显不同的原因。     

官厅水库秋季悬浮颗粒物和CDOM吸收特性

利用2012年9月5日在官厅水库采集的水体吸收系数数据,对总悬浮颗粒物、浮游植物色素颗粒物、非色素颗粒物和有色可溶性有机物的吸收特性进行研究.结果表明:秋季官厅水库的颗粒物吸收以浮游植物色素吸收为主,总颗粒物吸收光谱与浮游藻类吸收光谱相似;非色素颗粒物和有色可溶性有机物的吸收系数随波长的增大接近指数规律衰减;a_d(440)、a_d(675)与C_Chl.a呈显著相关,表明官厅水库秋季的非色素颗粒物主要来源于浮游藻类降解产物,陆源性输入较少;a ph(440)、a ph(675)与C_Chl.a存在显著线性关系,但其比吸收系数较为恒定,与C_Chl.a基本无关;不同采样点的不同组分吸收系数对总吸收系数的贡献不同,大致有4种表现类型.在富营养程度较高的妫库区,浮游植物色素是水体光谱吸收的主导因子;在富营养程度较低的中库区,颗粒物与有色可溶性有机物共同主导水体光谱吸收.     

DATABASE OF LANDSLIDES TRIGGERED BY 2015 GORKHA(NEPAL) MW7.8 EARTHQUAKE

In this study, a detailed database of landslides triggered by the 25 April 2015 Gorkha (Nepal)M_W7.8 earthquake is constructed based on visual interpretation of pre- and post-earthquake high-resolution satellite images and field reconnaissance. Results show the earthquake triggered at least 47 200 landslides, which have a NWW direction spatial distribution, similar with the location and strike of the seismogenic fault. The landslides are of a total area about 110km² and an oval distribution area about 35 700km². On the basis of a scale relationship between landslide area (A)and volume (V), V=1.314 7×A^{1.208 5}, the total volume of the coseismic landslides is estimated to be about 9.64×10⁸m³. In the oval landslide distribution area, the landslide number density, area density, and volume density were calculated and the results are 1.32km^-2, 0.31%, and 0.027m, respectively. This study provides a detailed and objective inventory of landslides triggered by the Gorkha earthquake, which provides very important and essential basic data for study of mechanics of coseismic landslides, spatial pattern, distribution law, and hazard assessment. In addition, the landslide database related to an individual earthquake also provides an important earthquake case in a subduction zone for studying landslides related to multiple earthquakes from a global perspective.     

Intermediate to Long-term Estimation of Strong Earthquake Risk Areas in the Chinese Mainland Based on Geodesic Measurements

Based on previous research results, present-day crustal deformation and gravity fields in the Chinese mainland are analyzed using the GPS data, leveling, gravity and cross-fault deformations. We analyzed strain accumulation of the major faults, and identified locked or high strain accumulation segments. Combining the effects of large earthquakes in the study area, the long-term (decade) probability of large earthquakes in the Chinese mainland is estimated.     

基于大地形变测量的中国大陆中长期强震危险区研究

应用GPS、 水准、 重力和跨断层形变观测资料, 在以往研究成果的基础上, 分析中国大陆现今地壳形变场、 重力场变化形态, 分析主要活动断裂带应变积累状态, 识别强闭锁、 高应变积累段, 结合大震对区域应变积累的影响, 估计未来10年尺度中国大陆地区可能发生大地震的危险区域。     

透空式防波堤周围的非线性波浪传播的数值模拟

对非线形波浪在透空式防波堤周围的波浪变形进行了数值模拟,在Boussinesq波浪方程中加入与透空建筑物有关的新的耗散项,从而界定了透空建筑物引起的部分反射和透射,波浪折射衍射的传播过程通过控制方程求解。波浪控制方程通过有限差分方法求解。模型应用于模拟波浪经过具有部分反射的群桩式透空结构,结果表明透空式防波堤可以有效地衰减波浪,是重力式结构的一种替代形式。     

绕射波逆时偏移成像方法研究

地震剖面中的绕射点反应地下断层、尖灭、溶洞等不连续体的位置信息,因此绕射波对于实现小尺度构造的精细成像具有重要意义.基于逆时偏移的绕射波成像方案包括乘法成像条件法和倾角域拾取法.乘法成像条件利用正\负倾角构造剖面相乘实现绕射点的定位,倾角域拾取法则根据绕射波能量在角度域的特征进行拾取.其中,通过Hilbert变换和伴随...