D-InSAR技术的积雪深度反演

积雪深度是大量气候、水文、农业及生态模型的重要输入变量。选用欧空局Sentinel-1主动微波数据,利用合成孔径雷达SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)差分干涉测量技术的二轨法,根据积雪相位与雪深之间的转换关系,反演新疆天山中段的巴音布鲁克盆地典型区的积雪雪深分布,提出了基于InSAR二轨差分的雪深估计方法,反演得到2016年12月18日的空间分辨率为13.89 m的雪深分布。研究表明:(1)对Sentinel-1数据进行正确的预处理以后,可以应用SAR差分干涉测量技术的二轨法反演区域雪深分布。但由于像对相干性和积雪状态的差异,积雪深度超过10 cm,可以获取较准确的雪深反演结果,R=0.65,反演误差的均方根误差RMSE=4.52 cm,平均相对误差为22.42%,反演雪深结果均比实测结果略偏低;而当雪深小于10 cm时,雪深反演值较实测值存在较大的误差,相对误差均高于34.52%,且反演雪深值均比实测值偏高。(2)雪深反演精度受高程及实际雪深的差异影响显著,另外雪深反演精度也受限于干涉像对相干性。结果表明,对于获取区域积雪雪深,InSAR技术较光学及被动微波遥感具有非常广阔的应用前景。     

Volcanism Pacing Slumping Gravity Flow Deposits during the Late Carboniferous in the Southern Margin of the Junggar Basin,China

Deep-water gravity depositional processes and evolution in arc systems have become topics of intense research focus in recent years. This study discusses the co-evolution of volcanism and deep-water gravity flow deposits at the southern margin of the Junggar Basin, based on petrology, geochronology and geochemical analyses. The results show that a massive collapse of unstable sediments from the slope was triggered by volcanism, resulting in the formation of slumping gravity flows. The occurrence...     

贵州涟江惠水段河流阶地特征与地貌演化研究

贵州涟江惠水段级次清晰的四级阶地是流域地貌阶段性演化的直观记录。笔者等利用差分GPS测量法精确厘定了涟江阶地的级序和高程,结合剖面观测发现从上游到下游,涟江惠水段阶地标高和级差逐渐降低,地貌面整体呈“收拢”趋势;阶地沉积物呈现砾石层厚度变小,砾石含量降低、砾径减小,砂质沉积占比增大趋势;阶地类型从基座阶地为主向堆积阶地为主演变。光释光（OSL）测年显示,T1阶地埋藏年龄31.2±2.0 ka BP到14.7±1.3 ka BP,T2阶地122.4±8.5 ka BP到66.9±3.8 ka BP,阶地年龄与贵州高原其他流域十分相近,具有同步演化特征。结合阶地时代和发育特征,认为贵州高原河流阶地是构造运动的产物。涟江四级阶地记录了在更新世以来四次构造抬升背景下,流域经过多期自北向南“削高补低”的地貌改造,逐步由构造洼地演变为山间盆地的地貌过程。     

西藏南冈底斯叶巴火山弧的构造-地层属性及其演化

南冈底斯岩浆岩带出露的一套早—中侏罗世火山-沉积建造经历了多期构造变形,致使这套火山-沉积层序发生了强烈的面理置换,形成了典型的构造-岩石地层。依据造山带地层划分方法将叶巴火山弧厘定为叶巴岩群,并根据内部岩性组合特征和构造变形特征将其进一步划分为邦堆岩组、叶巴岩组、甲玛岩组。运用构造解析原理划分了3期构造变形事件。第一期构造变形为脆-韧性剪切变形,剪切方式为纯剪占优的一般剪切变形,透入性面理S₁普遍置换层理S₀(S₁∥S₀),伴生倾伏向85°~100°陡倾的拉伸线理,运动学指示顶面朝西运动,存在左行和右行两个方向的剪切旋转碎斑共存的现象;EBSD实验结果显示变形的温度≤380 ℃,石英颗粒细粒化明显,重结晶方式为亚颗粒旋转重结晶;⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar年代学结果表明该期构造变形时代约为79 Ma,其可能代表新特提斯洋板片低角度(平板式)俯冲引起在弧后挤压背景下形成的挤出构造。第二期构造变形表现为S₁面理发生纵弯褶皱变形形成的轴面劈理S₂,轴面产状倾向北或南,倾角40°~70°,枢纽向西或北西西倾伏;结合区域地质演化特征,认为其可能是在晚白垩世(79~68 Ma)南北向持续的挤压应力条件下,南冈底斯弧后盆地整体向上挤出,引发上地壳缩短、加厚进而导致褶皱作用的发生。第三期主要为浅层次膝折构造和近东西向正断层,最大主压应力方向为铅直向,最小主压应力方向(伸展方向)为近南北向;结合区域构造演化特征,认为该期变形可能代表渐新世末—中新世初期(23.74~21.1 Ma),印度岩石圈或青藏高原岩石圈或两者组合的拆沉作用引起冈底斯岩基隆升(主要动力学机制)和GCT活动并共同作用导致近南北向伸展滑覆事件发生。     

Evolution of the freeze-thaw cycles in the source region of the Yellow River under the influence of climate change and its hydrological effects

As an important water source and ecological barrier in the Yellow River Basin, the source region of the Yellow River (above the Huangheyan Hydrologic Station) presents a remarkable permafrost degradation trend due to climate change. Therefore, scientific understanding the effects of permafrost degradation on runoff variations is of great significance for the water resource and ecological protection in the Yellow River Basin. In this paper, we studied the mechanism and extent of the effect of degrading permafrost on surface flow in the source region of the Yellow River based on the monitoring data of temperature and moisture content of permafrost in 2013–2019 and the runoff data in 1960–2019. The following results have been found. From 2013 to 2019, the geotemperature of the monitoring sections at depths of 0–2.4 m increased by 0.16°C/a on average. With an increase in the thawing depth of the permafrost, the underground water storage space also increased, and the depth of water level above the frozen layer at the monitoring points decreased from above 1.2 m to 1.2–2 m. 64.7% of the average multiyear groundwater was recharged by runoff, in which meltwater from the permafrost accounted for 10.3%. Compared to 1960-1965, the runoff depth in the surface thawing period (from May to October) and the freezing period (from November to April) decreased by 1.5 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively during 1992–1997, accounting for 4.2% and 3.4% of the average annual runoff depth, respectively. Most specifically, the decrease in the runoff depth was primarily reflected in the decreased runoff from August to December. The permafrost degradation affects the runoff within a year by changing the runoff generation, concentration characteristics and the melt water quantity from permafrost, decreasing the runoff at the later stage of the permafrost thawing. However, the permafrost degradation has limited impacts on annual runoff and does not dominate the runoff changes in the source region of the Yellow River in the longterm.     

Palynological constraints on the age of the Mississippi Valley-type Changdong Pb-Zn deposit,Sanjiang belt,West China

Mississippi Valley-type(MVT)Pb-Zn deposits serve as the world’s major supply of Pb-Zn resources.However,the age constraint of MVT Pb-Zn deposits has long been a big challenge,due to the lack of minerals that are unequivocally related to ore deposition and that can be used for radioisotopic dating.Here we show sporopollens can provide useful chronological information on the Changdong MVT Pb-Zn deposit in the Simao basin,Sanjiang belt,West China.The Pb-Zn ores in the Changdong deposit are hosted by internal sediments in paleo-karst caves of meteoric origin.Sphalerite and galena occur as replacements of carbonate minerals and void infillings in the internal sediments.The relations suggest that the Pb-Zn mineralization occurred after the deposition of the internal sediments.A palynological assemblage mainly composed of angiosperm pollen dominated by Castanea,Quercus,and Carya and fern spores dominated by Polypodiaceae,Pteris,and Athyriaceae was identified.These pollen and spores place the ore-hosting internal sediments and the Changdong paleo-karst at early to middle Oligocene.Consequently,the Changdong Pb-Zn deposit must have formed after the early Oligocene(~34 Ma).These age constraints,together with the geological characteristics,indicate that the Changdong Pb-Zn deposit is a paleo-karst-controlled MVT deposit related to fold-thrust systems in the Sanjiang belt.The Changdong deposit is similar to other MVT Pb-Zn deposits in the northern part of the Sanjiang belt,making it possible to extend this Pb-Zn belt 500 km further to the South.Results presented here highlights the potential of sporopollens in dating the age of MVT deposits related to paleo-karst formation in young orogenic belts.     

湖南锡田矿田花岗岩时空分布与钨锡成矿关系:来自锆石U-Pb年代学与岩石地球化学的约束

锡田钨锡多金属矿田位于南岭成矿带中段,发育多期次岩浆活动与钨锡成矿. 为了厘清花岗岩与钨锡成矿的时空关系,采用野外调查、显微鉴定、锆石U-Pb同位素定年与岩石地球化学的方法对矿田内多期次花岗岩岩体（脉）的空间分布、岩石类型、成岩时代、地球化学组成等进行了研究. 结果表明,锡田矿田发生了三期岩浆事件,分别为加里东期（435~441 Ma）、印支期（220~230 Ma）、燕山期（141~160 Ma）;三期花岗岩普遍富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、U、Th等,亏损Ti、P、Sr、Ba等微量元素,具明显的负Eu异常,其中加里东期花岗岩与印支期花岗岩为S型花岗岩,而燕山期花岗岩为A型花岗岩;不同时期花岗岩中的成矿元素从加里东期→印支期→燕山期逐渐升高,特别是W、Sn元素在燕山期白云母与二云母花岗岩中最为富集,这与华南地区燕山期钨锡大爆发的时间是一致的;印支期岩体接触带发育少量矽卡岩型Fe-Cu-W多金属矿床,燕山期岩体接触带也发育矽卡岩型W-Sn多金属矿床,并在附近陡倾的张裂隙中发育多个中大型石英脉型W-Sn矿床,而加里东期岩体附近尚未发现钨锡矿化. 因此,锡田矿田的多期次花岗岩与钨锡多金属成矿是时空耦合的,且成矿以燕山期矽卡岩型与石英脉型钨锡矿为主.      

基于CT三维重建的注水煤岩体裂隙扩展规律研究

针对煤层注水防尘过程中注水压力设置不合理、注水渗流效果差等问题,采用CT扫描技术与RFPA软件相结合的方法,构建了可以表征注水煤岩体内部孔裂隙结构的三维细观非均匀渗流损伤数值模型。通过对经过CT三维重构的煤岩模型进行不同注水压力的渗流损伤模拟,研究了煤层注水压力对煤样的渗流破坏、渗透率演化及声发射特性变化的影响;并通过对重构的煤岩模型进行缩放处理,研究了煤岩尺寸对煤样的渗流破坏和声发射变化的影响。研究结果表明：在煤样微观裂隙扩展过程中,随着注水压力的递增,煤样损伤单元数、渗流运动的渗流场分布范围、渗透率、声发射数目和能量总体呈上升趋势,局部范围内有波动发生,发生波动的原因是由于渗流运动的渗流场与煤样裂隙内部应力场发生临界反应,致使煤样破坏单元位置发生改变;煤样渗透率由3.82×10−5 μm2上升至0.314 μm2,孔隙率由5.45%上升至48.45%,揭示了煤岩体裂隙总体上随注水压力增大而不断扩展贯通,局部上随注水压力增大而扩展趋势有所下降的影响规律;随着煤样尺寸的增加,注水破坏后煤样的孔隙率呈现先下降后逐渐平稳的趋势,声发射特性变化趋势正好与之相反,表明煤样的尺寸对注水煤岩渗流破坏有显著影响,但当煤样尺寸超过40 mm时,煤样尺寸对注水煤岩渗流破坏的影响趋于稳定。CT扫描技术与RFPA软件相结合的方法能够有效模拟注水煤岩的裂隙渗流扩展行为。     

基于复杂网络的岩土颗粒材料分散性失稳先兆研究

岩土颗粒材料在达到Mohr-Coulomb塑性极限之前可能已经发生了没有明显局部损伤的全域准均匀破坏,即分散性失稳。近年来,网络科学工具在颗粒材料环境中的应用为研究其失稳破坏现象提供了有趣新颖的洞见。采用离散单元法对不同初始密实度的颗粒体系进行等体积应变加载路径的数值试验,发现初始状态越松散的颗粒体系越有可能发生分散性失稳;采用网络科学的理论和方法分析颗粒接触网络的拓扑结构特性和演化规律,发现颗粒材料分散性失稳的结构根源是颗粒接触网络完全崩塌。将颗粒体系划分为强、弱接触系统以构建强接触子网络、弱接触子网络和强−弱接触子网络,研究颗粒接触网络及其3个子网络的特征量演化,结果表明：当颗粒材料开始处于不稳定状态时,易受扰动的弱接触系统的部分接触先失效,导致强接触系统失去其稳定支撑作用而降低承载能力。随着加载的继续,系统通过非局部的自组织过程导致接触结构的全面崩塌,最终触发整体分散性失稳。因此,先于整体失稳的部分弱接触的失效,可视为颗粒材料分散性失稳的关键性临界征兆。