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881.
882.
Handbook of Hydrogeology is a professional reference book guiding the work and re-search of hydrogeology and providing enlightenment to hydrogeologists and those working in re-lated fields. This paper introduces the revision and enlargement of Handbook of Hydro-geology (2nd edition) on the basis of its first edition. It gives a brief account of the background, principles, and necessity of revising the handbook. The content, features and application of the handbook are also addressed. 相似文献
883.
Naifang?Bei Fuqing?ZhangEmail author John?W.?Nielsen-Gammon 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2012,169(3):539-554
This study examines the effectiveness of targeted meteorological observations for improving ozone prediction in Houston and
the surrounding area based on perfect-model simulation experiments. Supplementary observations are targeted for the location
that has the highest impact factor (maximum Kalman gain) estimated from an ensemble and is expected to minimize ozone forecast
uncertainty at the verification time. It is found that the observational impact factor field varies with time and is sensitive
to ensemble resolutions and physics parameterizations. The efficiency of observation targeting is further examined through
assimilating observations in areas with different impact factors using an ensemble Kalman filter. It is found that the ensemble
sensitivity analysis is capable of locating supplementary observations that may reduce meteorological and ozone forecast error,
but not as effectively as expected. 相似文献
884.
885.
Jacek?StankiewiczEmail author Michael?H.?Weber Ayman?Mohsen Rami?Hofstetter 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2012,169(4):615-623
In the framework of the Dead Sea Integrated Research project (DESIRE), 59 seismological stations were deployed in the region
of the Dead Sea Basin. Twenty of these stations recorded data of sufficiently high quality between May and September 2007
to be used for ambient seismic noise analysis. Empirical Green’s functions are extracted from cross-correlations of long term
recordings. These functions are dominated by Rayleigh waves, whose group velocities can be measured in the frequency range
from 0.1 to 0.5 Hz. Analysis of positive and negative correlation lags of the Green’s functions makes it possible to identify
the direction of the source of the incoming energy. Signals with frequencies higher than 0.2 Hz originate from the Mediterranean
Sea, while low frequencies arrive from the direction of the Red Sea. Travel times of the extracted Rayleigh waves were measured
between station pairs for different frequencies, and tomographically inverted to provide independent velocity models. Four
such 2D models were computed for a set of frequencies, all corresponding to different sampling depths, and thus together giving
an indication of the velocity variations in 3D extending to a depth of 10 km. The results show low velocities in the Dead
Sea Basin, consistent with previous studies suggesting up to 8 km of recent sedimentary infill in the Basin. The complex structure
of the western margin of the Basin is also observed, with sedimentary infill present to depths not exceeding 5 km west of
the southern part of the Dead Sea. The high velocities associated with the Lisan salt diapir are also observed down to a depth
of ~5 km. The reliability of the results is confirmed by checkerboard recovery tests. 相似文献
886.
While it is obvious that large-scale gravity studies should account for the sphericity of the Earth, each case should be examined.
If a geometry model is very large for the 3D-gravity calculation, it cannot be correctly defined in Cartesian coordinates.
Because of the Earth’s curvature it is necessary to use spherical coordinates, the importance of which is shown in this paper.
The calculation of the gravity for a cylinder reveals, 1 m above the center of the cylinder, a relative difference of 13%
between the models with Cartesian and spherical coordinates. 相似文献
887.
A catalog for northeast India and the adjoining region for the period 1897–2009 with 4,497 earthquakes events is compiled
for homogenization to moment magnitude M
w,GCMT in the magnitude range 3–8.7. Relations for conversion of m
b and M
s magnitudes to M
w,GCMT are derived using three different methods, namely, linear standard regression, inverted standard regression (ISR) and orthogonal
standard regression (OSR), for different magnitude ranges based on events data for the catalog period 1976–2006. The OSR relations
for M
s to M
w,GCMT conversion derived in this paper have significantly lower errors in regression parameters compared to the relations reported
in other studies. Since the number of events with magnitude ≥7 for this region is scanty, we, therefore, considered whole
India region to obtain the regression relationships between M
w,GCMT and M
s,ISC. A relationship between M
w,GCMT and M
w,NEIC is also obtained based on 17 events for the range 5.2 ≤ magnitude ≤ 6.6. A unified homogeneous catalog prepared using the
conversion relations derived in this paper can serve as a reference catalog for seismic hazard assessment studies in northeast
India and the adjoining region. 相似文献
888.
Bohuslav R??ek Jaroslava Plomerová Vladislav Babu?ka 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2012,56(1):107-140
Joint inversion of teleseismic P-waveforms and local group velocities of surface waves retrieved from ambient seismic noise
has been performed to model velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of the Bohemian Massif. We analysed P-waveforms
of 381 teleseismic earthquakes recorded at 54 broadband seismic stations located on the territory of the Czech Republic and
in its close surroundings. Group velocities of Rayleigh and Love surface waves were obtained by cross-correlating long-term
recordings of seismic noise. The basis for waveform inversion is the well-known methodology of P-to-S receiver functions constructed
from converted phases. Due to instabilities in direct inversion of receiver functions caused by the necessity of applying
deconvolution, we propose an alternative formulation to fit observed and calculated radial components of P waveforms. The
joint inversion is transformed into a search for the minimum of the cost function defined as a weighted sum of waveform and
group velocity misfits. With the use of the robust stochastic optimizer (Differential Evolution Algorithm), neither derivatives
nor a starting model are needed. The task was solved for 1D layered isotropic models of the crust and the uppermost mantle.
We have performed a sequence of inversions with models containing one, two, three and four layers above a half-space. By using
statistical criteria (F-test) we were able to select the simplest velocity models satisfying data and representing local geological
structures. Complex crustal models are typical for stations located close to boundaries of major tectonic units. The relatively
low average P to S wave-velocity ratio is in agreement with the generally accepted view that the BM crust is predominantly
felsic. 相似文献
889.
The standard ray theory (RT) for inhomogeneous anisotropic media does not work properly or even fails when applied to S-wave
propagation in inhomogeneous weakly anisotropic media or in the vicinity of shear-wave singularities. In both cases, the two
shear waves propagate with similar phase velocities. The coupling ray theory was proposed to avoid this problem. In it, amplitudes
of the two S waves are computed by solving two coupled, frequency-dependent differential equations along a common S-wave ray.
In this paper, we test the recently developed approximation of coupling ray theory (CRT) based on the common S-wave rays obtained
by first-order ray tracing (FORT). As a reference, we use the Fourier pseudospectral method (FM), which does not suffer from
the limitations of the ray method and yields very accurate results. We study the behaviour of shear waves in weakly anisotropic
media as well as in the vicinity of intersection, kiss or conical singularities. By comparing CRT and RT results with results
of the FM, we demonstrate the clear superiority of CRT over RT in the mentioned regions as well as the dangers of using RT
there. 相似文献
890.
Mehmet Simav Hasan Yildiz Ali Türkezer Onur Lenk Emin ?zsoy 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2012,56(1):215-230
Sea level trends and interannual variability at Antalya and Menteş tide gauges are investigated during the 1985–2001 period,
quantifying the roles of atmospheric, steric and local land motion contributions. Tide gauge sea level measurements, temperature/salinity
climatologies and GPS data are used in the analyses and the results are compared with the output of a barotropic model forced
by atmospheric pressure and wind. The overall sea level trends at two tide gauges collocated with GPS are in the range of
5.5 to 7.9 mm/yr during the study period, but showing different behaviour in the sub-periods 1985–1993 and 1993–2001 due to
variations in the contributing factors both in space and time. After the removal of the atmospheric forcing and steric contribution
from sea level records, the resulting trends vary between 1.9 to 4.5 mm/yr in Antalya and −1.2 to −11.6 mm/yr in Menteş depending
on the period considered. Vertical land movement estimated from GPS data seems to explain the high positive residual trend
in Antalya during the whole period. On the other hand, the source of the highly negative sea level trend of about −14 mm/yr
in Menteş during 1985–1993 could not be resolved with the available datasets. Interannual variability of wind and atmospheric
pressure appear to dominate the sea level at both tide gauges during the study period. Atmospheric and steric contributions
together account for ∼50% of the total sea level variance at interannual time scales. Mass induced sea level variations which
were not considered in this study may help to close the sea level trend budgets as well as to better explain the interannual
sea level variance. 相似文献