Effect of carbon and nitrogen ratio control on Artemia growth,water quality,biofloc microbial diversity under high salinity and zero-water exchange culture condition

Biofloc technology has been applied successfully in the intensive aquaculture of several fish and shrimp species.The growth of heterotrophic microorganisms can be stimulated through adding extra carbon,which reduces the nitrogen level in the water and provides microbial protein to the animals.However,most of the studies and practical applications have been conducted in freshwater and marine environment.This paper focused on brine shrimp Artemia that lives in high salinity environment together with other halophilic or halotolerant microorganisms.The effect of carbon supplementation on Artemia growth,water quality,and microbial diversity of bioflocs was studied in the closed culture condition without any water exchange.The salinity of the culture medium was 100.A 24-d culture trial was conducted through supplementing sucrose at carbon/nitrogen(C/N)ratio of 5,15,and 30(Su5,Sul5,and Su30),respectively.The culture without adding sucrose was used as a control.Artemia was fed formulated feed at a feeding ration of 60% recommended feeding level.The results showed that sucrose supplementation at higher C/N ratio(15 and 30)significantly improved the Artemia survival,growth and water quality(P0.05).Addition of sucrose at C/N ratio of 15 and 30 significantly increased biofloc volume(BFV)(P0.05).The Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis showed that supplementing carbon at C/N ratio of 15 had a better total bacterial diversity and richness,and shaped the microbial composition at genera level.This study should provide information for studying the mechanism of biofloc technology and its application in high salinity culture conditions.     

Analyzing Population Density Disparity in China with GIS-automated Regionalization: The Hu Line Revisited

The famous ’Hu Line’, proposed by Hu Huanyong in 1935, divided China into two regions(southeast and northwest) of comparable area size but drastically different in population. However, the classic Hu Line was derived manually in absence of reliable census data and computational technologies of modern days. It has been subject to criticism of lack of scientific rigor and accuracy. This research uses a GIS-automated regionalization method, termed REDCAP(Regionalization with Dynamically Constrained Agglomerative Clustering and Partitioning), to reconstruct the demarcation line based on the 2010 county-level census data in China. The results show that the logarithmic transformation of population density is a better measure of attributive homogeneity in derived regions than density itself, and produces two regions of nearly identical area size and greater contrast in population. Specifically, the revised Hu Line by Hu Huanyong in 1990 had the southeast region with 94.4% of total population and 42.9% of total land, and our delineation line yields a southeast region with 97.4% population and 50.8% land. Therefore, the population density ratio of the two regions is 27.1 by our line, much higher than the ratio of 22.4 by the Hu Line, and thus outperforms the Hu Line in deriving regions of maximum density contrast with comparable area size. Furthermore, more regions are delineated to further advance our understanding of population distribution disparity in China.     

Analysis of Water Resources Carrying Capacity of the “Belt and Road” Initiative Countries based on Virtual Water Theory

Most countries along the route of the “Belt and Road” initiative are faced with a shortage of water resources. However, successful implementation of the initiative depends on water availability to support economic and social development. We designed a water resources carrying capacity evaluation index system, assigned grades and weights to each evaluation index and calculated a water resources carrying index for the 65 countries along the route. We used virtual water theory to analyze China’s net virtual water import from key bulk agricultural products through international trade. For more than half of the countries along the route, their water resources will be unable to support the economic development that will be necessary for fulfilling the goals of the Initiative. As a country with insufficient water resources carrying capacity, China is a net virtual water importer in the virtual water trade. This virtual water trade can improve China’s water resources support capacity, and ensure China’s water and food security for the future.     

基于模型模拟的中国秸秆还田固碳潜力空间格局分析（英文）

农作物秸秆还田作为农田土壤和养分管理的推荐做法之一,对于土壤有机碳(SOC)固定和CO_2减排具有重要意义。本研究利用环境政策综合气候模型(EPIC)模拟了4种作物秸秆还田情形下2001年至2010年中国农田表层土壤有机碳变化及其空间格局。模拟结果显示,秸秆完全移除(CR0%)下的土壤有机碳损失为28.89 Tg yr^–1,当前30%的秸秆还田(CR30%)能够减缓22.38 Tg C yr^–1的碳损失。若秸秆还田率从30%提高至50%(CR50%)乃至75%(CR75%),中国农田表层土壤将变为净碳汇。中国农田表层土壤固碳潜力在CR50%和CR75%情形下分别可达25.53 Tg C yr^–1和52.85 Tg C yr^–1,且在不同农业区存在空间异质性。单位面积土壤固碳潜力在西北和华北地区最高,而华东最低。华北地区具有最高的区域固碳潜力。在这十年间,CR50%和CR75%情形下增加的土壤表层有机碳相当于减少了1.4%和2.9%的中国CO_2排放总量。总之,我们建议鼓励我国农民将原本直接焚烧或用作家用燃料的秸秆返还田间以改善土壤性质和减缓大气CO_2增加,尤其是华北地区更应推行这一举措。     

国家重点研发项目:中国陆地生态系统生态质量综合监测技术与规范研究（英文）

生态质量是指一定时空范围内生态系统要素、结构和功能的综合特征,具体表现为生态系统的状况、生产能力、结构和功能的稳定性、抗干扰和恢复能力。生态系统的质量是我国生态文明建设和生态环境监测的重要内容,多时空尺度观测技术的发展为生态系统质量监测与评价提供了新机遇,但同时也对国家尺度生态要素、生物多样性和生态功能的观测标准与技术规范提出了新的要求。本国家重点研发项目自2017年7月立项以来,围绕国家尺度生态质量监测技术与规范,开展了生态系统网络观测技术规范、台站生态要素监测、区域生物多样性和区域生态功能监测技术与规范的研究,在典型农林草湿地生态系统开展应用示范。项目在生态质量综合监测指标体系构建、生态系统研究网络观测技术、区域生物多样性和区域生态功能监测、基于无人机和机器学习的荒漠植被监测等方面取得了重要进展,促进了生态质量监测技术的发展。我们组织本专辑从不同视野集中系统介绍本项目已取得的生态质量监测技术和评价方法,以期促进生态学及其观测技术的发展。     

Soil Respiration Dynamics and Influencing Factors in Typical Steppe of Inner Mongolia under Long-term Nitrogen Addition

We investigated soil respiration (Rs) dynamics and influencing factors under different nitrogen (N) addition levels (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 g m^-2 yr^-1) on typical grassland plots in Inner Mongolia. We measured soil respiration, temperature, moisture and nutrients. We found that N addition did not change dynamic characteristics of Rs; daily and seasonal dynamics followed a single peak curve. N addition reduced Rs during the growing season. Rs under N2, N4, N8, N16 and N32 treatments decreased by 24.00%, 21.93%, 23.49%, 30.78% and 28.20% in the growing season, respectively, compared to the N0 treatment. However, Rs in the non-growing season was not different across treatments. Rs was significantly positively correlated with soil temperature and moisture and these two factors accounted for 72%-97% and 74%-82% of variation in Rs, respectively. The soil respiration temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) was between 2.27 and 4.16 and N addition reduced Q₁₀ except in the N8 treatment.     

黑海参(Holothuria atra)对环境沉积物的摄食选择及消化系统功能适应性研究

黑海参(Holothuria atra)是热带珊瑚礁大型底栖动物群落中的代表种类之一,其摄食活动对珊瑚礁生境底质有机物的循环再利用具有重要作用。本文研究了三亚蜈支洲岛典型热带珊瑚礁海域野生黑海参的沉积物选择特征及其触手和消化系统结构功能的适应性。结果表明,黑海参摄取的沉积物颗粒相对较粗,其中粒径0.25mm部分占到了总重量的96.67%。触手上3—6个乳突形成乳突簇[直径(283.00±40.94)μm],适宜摄取大颗粒沉积物。黑海参胃内含物有机物含量显著高于环境沉积物,证实其对有机物含量的选择性;粒径0.25mm部分有机物含量占摄入总有机物量的75%,与环境沉积物中相同粒度的有机物总量占比接近(76%),表明黑海参选择的沉积物粒径范围有效保证了其高效摄入有机质。黑海参前肠的脂肪酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、胰蛋白酶活性最高,同时绝大部分的有机质(98.33%)在前肠被吸收。组织学定量分析表明,黑海参前肠黏膜层厚度最大,占总厚度的56.33%,这与其高效吸收有机质的功能相适应;后肠的肠壁总厚度和黏膜下层、肌层厚度均显著高于前肠和中肠,表明其具有相对更好的弹性和收缩能力,适合于大颗粒有机质的高效输送与排出。研究结果证实,黑海参摄食器官和消化道独特的结构与功能保证了其在珊瑚砂粗颗粒生境中高效摄取有机物。     

浙江省三疣梭子蟹产量波动及潜在影响因素分析

依据2000—2015年浙江省三疣梭子蟹(Portunustrituberculatus)渔获量的数据,以及影响渔获量的因素(管理类因素、环境类因素和营养关系类因素等共11个因子),使用广义加性模型(GAM)对各类因素对三疣梭子蟹渔获量的影响进行了分析。结果显示,赤潮面积、捕捞努力量和放流数量对三疣梭子蟹渔获量影响显著(P0.01)。3个因子的累积解释比率达98.3%,其中,赤潮的解释比率最大,达到47.2%,捕捞努力量的解释比率为37.8%,放流数量的解释比率为13.3%。三疣梭子蟹渔获量随着赤潮面积增加有所减少,随着捕捞努力量的加大有迅速增加的趋势,与放流尾数呈现正相关趋势。三疣梭子蟹渔获量的波动受诸多因素的影响。今后需开展更深入的研究,找到可能影响三疣梭子蟹渔获量的其他关键因素。     

岩藻黄素纳米复合物的制备及抗氧化、抗肿瘤活性研究

岩藻黄素是一种脂溶性类胡萝卜素,由于其水溶性差、环境敏感性强,使其应用受到限制。本研究采用有机溶剂浸提、大孔树脂纯化法,从裙带菜中提取高纯度岩藻黄素。通过复凝聚反应制备乳清分离蛋白-岩藻黄素-阿拉伯胶纳米复合物。通过透射电镜观察,纳米复合物呈光滑的球形,粒径约为44nm。红外光谱则表明,岩藻黄素与乳清分离蛋白、阿拉伯树胶发生相互作用,导致联烯键、乙酰基等特征吸收峰被遮蔽。与单一岩藻黄素相比,纳米包封的岩藻黄素具有较好的抗氧化活性稳定性。抗肿瘤实验表明,纳米复合物保留了岩藻黄素抑制HT29细胞增殖的生物活性。     

热带东印度洋SST对气候变暖和变冷的响应

The response of the eastern tropical Indian Ocean(ETIO) to heat fluxes of equal amplitude but opposite sign is investigated using the Community Earth System Model(CESM). A significant positive asymmetry in sea surface temperature(SST) is found over the ETIO—the warming responses to the positive forcing exceeds the cooling to the negative forcing. A mixed layer heat budget analysis is carried out to identify the mechanisms responsible for the SST asymmetry. Results show that it is mainly ascribed to the ocean dynamical processes, including vertical advections and diffusion. The net surface heat flux, on the contrary, works to reduce the asymmetry through its shortwave radiation and latent heat flux components. The former is due to the nonlinear relationship between SST and cloud, while the latter is resulted mainly from Newtonian damping and air-sea stability effects. Changes in the SST skewness are also evaluated, with more enhanced negative SST skewness over the ETIO found for the cooling than heating scenarios due to the asymmetric thermocline-SST feedback.