东天山二叠纪镁铁-超镁铁质成矿岩体造岩矿物特征及其成因意义

东天山造山带与镁铁-超镁铁质岩体有关的铜镍硫化物矿床数量多,分布集中,是我国重要的铜镍成矿带之一。成矿岩体多以小岩体群形式产出,由西向东分布有白鑫滩、黄山和图拉尔根3个岩体群,大型矿床主要赋存在黄山岩体群内。本文对3个岩体群内成矿岩体的主要造岩矿物进行了系统的对比研究。成矿岩体的主要造岩矿物为贵橄榄石、古铜辉石、单斜辉石、斜长石和角闪石以及少量的铬尖晶石和金云母。橄榄石Al温度计计算结果表明,黄山岩体群内成矿岩体的母岩浆结晶温度介于1 143~1 257℃之间,略低于白鑫滩和图拉尔根岩体群(1 283~1 301℃)。单斜辉石压力计算表明成矿岩体的结晶压力相似,介于0.31~0.33 GPa之间。成矿岩体中均富含含水矿物,且单斜辉石结晶早于斜长石,指示成矿岩体的原始岩浆形成于富水环境。成矿岩体的单斜辉石具有较高的Al/Ti值,铬尖晶石和橄榄石具有与岛弧火山岩相似的矿物学特征,结合区域构造演化,认为东天山镁铁-超镁铁质成矿岩体的原始岩浆是被消减板片交代过的地幔部分熔融的产物。矿物学特征对比显示了黄山岩体群内成矿岩体更富斜方辉石和中性斜长石,且具有较低的铬尖晶石Cr~#值和橄榄石Ca含量。结合前人研究成果和相关地球化学数据,认为相对高的混染程度导致了黄山岩体群的母岩浆富SiO_2和Al_2O_3,同时降低了岩浆的结晶温度。     

油气沿不同时期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失的地质条件及其识别方法

为了研究含油气盆地断裂发育区油气分布规律,在确定油气沿活动期和静止期断裂穿过泥岩盖层发生渗滤散失机理的基础上,针对油气沿活动期和静止期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失的地质条件及识别方法进行了研究。研究结果表明：油气沿活动期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失所需的地质条件是活动期断裂在盖层内上下连接分布,作为油气穿过泥岩盖层的输导通道;油气沿静止期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失所需的地质条件是下伏储层油气剩余压力大于断层岩排替压力。通过比较泥岩盖层断接厚度与油气沿活动期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失所需最小断接厚度的相对大小和下伏储层剩余压力与断层岩排替压力的相对大小,分别建立了油气是否沿活动期断裂和静止期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失的识别方法,并将其应用于渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷南堡5号构造天然气能否通过活动期和静止期NP5 2断裂穿过东二段泥岩盖层渗滤散失的识别。结果表明：在断裂活动期,仅在L2和L8测线处天然气可以沿着NP5 2断裂穿过东二段泥岩盖层渗滤散失,其余测线处(L1、L3、L4、L5、L6、L7、L9)则不能;但是在断裂静止期,天然气不能沿NP5 2断裂穿过东二段泥岩盖层渗滤散失,与目前南堡5号构造东二段泥岩盖层之下已发现的天然气分布相吻合,表明这2种方法分别用于识别油气是否通过静止期断裂和活动期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失是可行的。     

山东省土壤有机碳库及其时空变化特征

土壤作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,土壤碳储量研究在全球碳循环变化中意义重大。利用山东省多目标区域地球化学调查(2003年)获得的双层网格化大密度、高精度土壤有机碳(SOC)含量数据,估算了全省0～20 cm、0～100 cm及0～160 cm的土壤碳密度和储量,并对SOC密度和储量的时空变化规律及土壤固碳潜力进行研究。结果表明：(1)山东省0～20 cm、0～100 cm和0～160 cm土层SOC密度分别为222 kg/m2、764 kg/m2、1009 kg/m2,各土层SOC密度均明显低于全国平均水平(319 kg/m2、1164 kg/m2和1534 kg/m2);(2)0～20 cm表层SOC密度分布总体呈现为沿海地区低,鲁西北平原、鲁东丘陵中等,鲁中南山区偏高的分布格局;(3)与18年前第二次土壤普查(1985年)数据对比,表层SOC密度从143 kg/m2升高到222 kg/m2,全省陆域(1570万km2)0～20 cm表层SOC储量则由22641 Mt增加至35065 Mt,净增了12424 Mt,SOC密度以0044 kg/(m2·a)的平均速率在土壤中积累,整体表现为“碳汇”效应;据估算,尚有50523 Mt的固碳潜力。     

新疆东天山多头山铁-铜矿区花岗岩类的年代学、地球化学、岩石成因及意义

多头山矿床是东天山阿奇山?雅满苏成矿带铁铜矿床的典型代表,矿床成因与区内岩浆岩有紧密联系。矿区出露的侵入岩主要有花岗斑岩、二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩及英安玢岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究获得花岗斑岩、二长花岗岩及英安玢岩的年龄分别为316.3±8.1 Ma、318.3±3.0 Ma和197.2±3.5 Ma。花岗斑岩A/CNK介于0.82~1.01之间,显示偏铝质特征,为Ⅰ型花岗岩;同时样品富集大离子亲石元素Th、U、Pb,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti,显示弧岩浆特征。钠质蚀变导致了花岗斑岩显示出富Na、贫K、Rb、Ca、Sr的特征。钠化花岗斑岩Nb/Ta为12.4~16.0,具有较高的ε_(Nd)(t)(5.76~6.24)值和较低的I_(Sr)值(0.70353~0.70532),与安第斯中生代岩基地球化学特征相似,结合样品中出现古老锆石的捕掳晶,表明其源区为新生的下地壳,混合有少量幔源物质,并伴随有地壳混染。二长花岗岩与钠化花岗斑岩具有相近的形成年龄和相似的地球化学特征,如Nb/Ta比值(14.2),亏损高场强元素、富集大离子亲石元素,同为准铝质(A/CNK=0.97)弧岩浆,暗示它们可能具有相似的源区。而早侏罗世的英安玢岩具有高Sr(552×10~(-6))含量和较高的Sr/Y(73.6)比值,显示出钙碱性埃达克岩的特征,同时样品具有较高的K_2O(3.27%)含量、Mg~#指数(55),表明其来源于拆沉下地壳的熔融并混有少量幔源岩浆。综合区域研究资料、年代学、地球化学及同位素特征,我们认为多头山所在的阿奇山?雅满苏成矿带可能是晚古生代洋壳向南俯冲至中天山地块之下形成的大陆边缘弧。     

Research Progress and Development Tendency About Thermal Physical Properties of Rocks

The fundamental researches about thermal physical properties of rocks have much concern in oil and gas field. They go through four stages and are applied in thermal structure of lithosphere, thermal evolution of sedimentary basins, geotechnical engineering and geothermal area. This article summarized the current research progress on the basis of thermal physical properties of rocks and proposed the development of tendency for the future. Moreover, some cylindrical heat pipe, disc heat pipe, spherical heat pipe based on in-situ measurement method and prediction model based on mathematical statistics have been developed. The scholars discuss the internal relation between thermal conductivity parameter of rocks and other physical properties by a large number of experiments. The researches show that the thermal conductivity of rocks is affected by many factors, and the petrologic characteristic is the most important factor. The porosity of rocks, filled fluid properties, acoustic characteristics are also related to thermal conductivity, which is affected by temperature, pressure and anisotropy. In consideration of the study of thermal physical properties of rocks, we proposed the following tendency for the future. First of all, shale gas is regarded as a hot spot in oil-gas exploration and the formation mechanism and the formation of shale gas reservoir are under the control of thermal physical properties of shale gas, but the relationship among thermal conductivity and organic porous, organic carbon content, gas content, fractured characteristics remains unknown. Therefore, exploring the thermal physical properties of gas-bearing shale is an important research direction in oil and gas field. Secondly, the study of big data represents the general trend. Though the database of rocks thermal parameter is continually expanding, measuring in-situ thermal conductivity continuously in well is the best method to get the accurate in-situ thermal conductivity of rocks. Hence, the development of logging method principle and logging instruments based on thermal physical properties of rocks is a necessary trend for the future.     

Temporal changes in wetland plant communities with decades of cumulative water pollution in two plateau lakes in China’s Yunnan Province

Wetland plant communities in the plateau lakes of Yunnan Province, China, have decreased significantly over the past decades. To better understand this degradation, we analyzed the processes and characteristics of changes in wetland plant communities in two of the largest lakes in Yunnan Province, Dianchi and Erhai lakes. We collected records of native and alien plant communities in the two lakes from literature published from the 1950s to current period. We calculated plant community types and their area in some historical periods when related data were reported, and analyzed the relationship between changes in plant communities and water pollution. In Dianchi Lake, 12 community types of native plant communities, covering over 80% of the surface in the 1950s and 1960s, were reduced to four types covering 2.4% by the late 2000s. Alien plant communities started to appear in the lake in the late 1970s, and have since come to cover 4.9% of the lake surface, thereby becoming dominant. In Erhai Lake, 16 community types of native plant communities, covering 47.1% of the lake surface in the late 1970s, declined to 10 community types, covering 9.3% of the surface, by the late 2000s. Alien plant communities appeared in the middle 1980s, and at present cover 0.7% of the surface area. It was indicated that changes in plant communities were significant related to water eutrophication. The area occupied by native and alien plant communities was, respectively, negatively and positively related to the content of nutrients in water. This showed lacustrine pollution played an important role in native plant loss and alien plant invasion in the two plateau lakes.     

Spatiotemporal evolution and driving forces of changes in rural settlements in the poverty belt around Beijing and Tianjin: a case study of Zhangjiakou city,Hebei Province

The rural settlement is one of important aspects to understand regional human-environment relationships. Zhangjiakou city, located in the poverty belt around Beijing and Tianjin, was used as an example to analyze the evolution of rural settlements during 1985–2010 through the use of statistical and spatial analysis methods. The results demonstrate the following:(1) the area of rural settlements expanded from 665.76 to 928.14 km2 during 1985–2010. Rural settlements in prefecture city of Zhangjiakou were significantly agglomerated in terms of their spatial distribution, which presented an approximately normal distribution over the entire period. Rural settlements were usually distributed within regions where the terrain niche had an elevation of between 900 and 1500 m, and a slope from 5? to 20?;(2) there were significant regional differences in the density and size distribution of rural settlements in Zhangjiakou. The density of rural settlements in 2010 was higher than that in 1985, while there was a clustered distribution of rural settlements in 2010. There was a significant high value cluster in the size distribution, and a local negative correlation between the size and density distribution of rural settlements in Zhangjiakou;(3) rural economic development, investment in agricultural technology, and infrastructure improvement played important roles in the evolution of rural settlements. There were spatial differences in the relationship between the distribution of rural settlements and socio-economic factors in Zhangjiakou. This study provides practical guidance for the achievement of urban and rural integration development and the promotion of a new form of countryside construction.     

基于贝叶斯机器学习的生态模型参数优化方法研究

参数优化方法是准确估计生态模型参数、降低其不确定性的有效手段。本文提出一种基于贝叶斯机器学习的No-U-Turn Sampler（NUTS）生态模型参数优化方法。NUTS是一种高效的参数优化方法,每次取样中利用递归算法生成候选参数集（二叉树）推断参数的后验信息,如果满足约束条件“非U型回转”,不断构建子树更新参数;否则,记录本次抽样的“最优”参数集,并开始下一次取样,直到获取足够样本。该算法在每次取样中充分优化参数,避免因随机游走行为产生冗余抽样,提高了参数优化效率。本文以千烟洲亚热带人工针叶林碳通量模拟为例,基于Pymc3框架利用NUTS参数优化方法实现了碳通量（Net Ecosystem Exchange,NEE）模型参数反演,并与Metropolis-Hastings（MH）方法进行对比。结果表明,本文算法的参数值达到稳定波动时的抽样次数减少了85%左右,参数优化效率提升3倍左右。参数优化后,2种NEE模型中7个参数不确定性降低10%~53%。此外,NEE模拟效果明显提升,模拟值与实测值的R²分别提高23%和17%,RMSE分别降低3%和4%。综上所述,本文提出的参数优化方法对生态领域的参数估计或数据同化工作具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Comparison of the entrainment rate of debris flows in distinctive triggering conditions

Debris flows can be extremely destructive because they can increase in magnitude via progressive entrainment. In this paper, a total of 18 landslide-type debris flows and 268 channelized debris flows in Wenchuan earthquake and Taiwan region, as well as other regions were collected to analyze the entrainment rate of debris flows in each triggering condition. Results show that there is a power relationship between volume of initial triggered mass and final deposited debris for landslide type debris flow. The debris flows during 2008 and 2013 in Wenchuan earthquake-region have smaller entrainment rate than that from 2001 t0 2009 in Taiwan. The entrainment rate of debris flow events from 2001 to 2009 in Taiwan shows a decaying tendency as elapsed time. Comparison of the entrainment rate in the two earthquake-hit regions with other regions proves that entrainment rate has a close relation with major sediment availability and secondary rainstorm conditions.     

三层模式中风场对背风波的影响

为了研究风场对背风波的影响,针对边界层附近为弱稳定层结的背风波,建立了一个三维三层的理论模型和线性计算模式,分析了各层中风速和风向的变化对背风波特征的影响,揭示了气流过孤立山脉产生背风波的有利风场条件。结果表明：背风波的波长、振幅等特征对各层风速和风向的变化具有相当的敏感性,波长随着低、高层风速的增大而增大,随着中层风速的增大先减小后增大;振幅随着低、中层风速的增大先增大后减小,随着高层风速的增大而增大。此外,风速和上下层风向切变的增大均使背风波的形态逐渐由横波型转为辐散型,但是上下层风向的切变对背风波形态的影响比风速更为显著。