地球空间数据集成多尺度问题基础研究

多尺度数据集成是地球空间数据集成中最难处理的问题。将多尺度数据的集成分解为空间和时间多尺度数据集成,在分析应用项目对数据尺度需求的基础上,就两种多尺度数据集成的传统和数据意义上的集成方法进行了详细的探讨。     

昆仑山阿什库勒盆地15000年以来古环境演化的初步研究

根据昆仑山阿什库勒盆地几个露头湖相沉积剖面的孢粉分析结果和~(14)C年龄数据,揭示出15 000年以来的气候、植被、环境发展曾经历了5个阶段。较低温度出现在13 000aB.P.前后,当时湖面较低,盆地边缘冰水平原区出现地面切割。大约在11 000 aB.P.前后,气候转暖,冰川大量消融,湖面上升,沉积速度加快,进入全新世。8 000 aB.P.前后的中全新世,曾出现高潮面期,但高温期却出现在后,故盆地内高潮面期与高温期并不同步。全新世后期,气候进一步转向干暖,蒸发增加,湖面逐渐缩小,生态环境日趋向荒漠草原发展。     

龙感湖近百年来沉积物磷的时空分布特征及其人类活动影响

湖泊沉积物蓄积的磷在湖泊环境发生变化(如pH值、Eh改变)时,往往能释放到水体,形成湖泊内源释放,造成湖泊富营养化。因此了解湖泊沉积物磷的蓄积特征,对于湖泊环境的治理和保护有重要意义。通过长江中游龙感湖不同部位钻孔的 210 Pb、沉积物磷和其他环境指标分析表明,近百年来东部湖区沉积速率明显大于西部湖区,北部湖区略大于南部湖区,人类活动在20世纪50年代后期主要通过修建水库和闸坝,改变龙感湖水系结构,也改变了龙感湖的物源供给,因而西部湖区沉积速率略有放缓,东部湖区变化不明显。龙感湖沉积物磷的浓度空间上表现为东部高于西部,这与不同物源磷的背景值相关,时间序列上近百年来呈上升趋势,上世纪50年代以来上升趋势更为明显。在确定沉积物磷背景值的基础上,由于人类活动导致的磷的增加量表明,20世纪50年代开始人类活动导致沉积物磷的增加量持续上升,20世纪70年代末开始增加幅度更大,这一特征与人类活动的方式有关。     

论勘查地球化学区域模式及找矿意义

本文的主要目的是把地球化学块体概念、地球化学场概念及地球化学异常概念的异同性及空间关系进行比较,供读者加以参考。并从它们的基本概念开始论述,然后自内涵的相同与不同、以及在生产实践中的意义方面总结了3个勘查地球化学模式的区别与内在的联系;最后总结它们在地质找矿中的意义。     

新疆昌吉南部侏罗系头屯河组物源与沉积环境分析

在野外勘察和实测剖面的基础上, 运用粒度分析、碳氧同位素分析及多碎屑三角端元分析等方法, 对新疆昌吉南部侏罗系头屯河组进行研究. 认为头屯河组主要发育辫状河三角洲前缘亚相以及滨浅湖亚相. 碳氧同位素样品结果显示13CV-PDB值均在-9‰~-17.3‰之间, 平均-13.275‰, 18OV-PDB值在-14.2‰~-16.2‰之间, 平均-15.425‰, 18OV-SMOW值在-14.2‰~-16.3‰之间, 平均-15.05‰, 表明头屯河组砂岩形成于大气淡水成岩环境. 成岩压实的温度范围为99.26~114.1℃, 埋深在4.34~5.23 km之间, 平均4.87 km. 物源分析反映其主要为隆升基底、岛弧造山带的构造背景, 并在沉积后期显示为混合物源区. 侏罗纪沉积环境由潮湿型气候逐渐向干旱型气候转变, 在头屯河组沉积时期, 沉积环境发生多次弱还原-弱氧化环境与较强氧化环境之间的交替转换.     

WRF模式与Topmodel模型在洪水预报中的耦合预报试验研究

基于空间分辨率90 m×90 m的湖北荆门漳河水库数字高程模型（DEM）地形数据,并从2012-2015年选取了20场洪水过程（其中16场用于模拟,4场用于检验）,将华中区域数值天气预报业务模式WRF提供的三重嵌套空间分辨率3 km×3 km、9 km×9 km和27 km×27 km预报降雨与集总式新安江模型以及半分布式水文模型Topmodel耦合进行洪水预报试验。通过对比试验得到以下结论：当流域降雨的时、空分布比较均匀时,集总式新安江模型可以较准确地预报出洪峰流量和峰现时间,而当降雨时、空分布差异较大时,预报误差也会随之增大。基于DEM数据建立的Topmodel模型可以反映不同降雨时、空分布下洪水预报结果的差异,试验结果表明,3 km×3 km和9 km×9 km洪水预报的输出结果比较接近,且在确定性系数和洪峰相对误差上要优于27 km×27 km的洪水预报结果,而在峰现时差的预报上,则是27 km×27 km的洪水预报结果与实测较吻合。通过研究还发现,虽然当流域降雨的时、空分布存在一定差异时,3种空间分辨率的WRF预报降雨均无法预报出与实测一致的降雨分布,但是在某些情况下,当降雨的时间分布误差和空间分布误差相抵消时,仍然可以得到较为准确的洪水预报结果。因此,高时、空分辨率的模式预报降雨并不一定就能对洪水预报结果产生正贡献,需要通过反复尝试寻找水文模型和数值模式耦合的最佳时、空分辨率。     

基于动态图像变形的PP与PS波层位直接匹配

多分量地震资料的矢量偏移、多波地震资料的联合解释与反演均需要估算纵横波的速度比,实现纵波与转换横波在时间或深度域的匹配.基于DTW,本文实现了一种适用于PP与PS波直接匹配的动态图像变形算法.该算法分为三个部分：首先,使用二阶对称动态规划算法逐样点递归计算PP与PS波走时或深度的误差累积和;其次,在以误差累积和为目标函数的回溯阶段设定变形窗,并在纵横波速比约束的变形窗内递归回溯搜索匹配路径;最后,根据最大相关系数判定准则在匹配路径中确定最佳匹配路径,获得使PP与PS波匹配的拉伸或压缩时移量.利用所获得的拉伸压缩时移量计算纵横波速度比就可以实现PP与PS波之间的匹配.模型与实际陆上多分量地震资料测试结果表明：该方法具有较高的匹配精度,且对于信噪比、相似度较低的多分量地震资料,该方法也能产生较好的匹配效果.

     

Environmental anomalies in the northeastern East China Sea during the last 3 000 years: implications for El Niño activity in the Holocene

To reconstruct the productivity changes for the last 10 500 a in the northeastern East China Sea (ECS), biogenic compounds (such as carbonate, organic carbon and opal), marine micropaleontological fossils (planktonic foraminifera, benthic foraminifera, radiolarian and silicoflagellate) and the compositional characters of benthic foraminifera fauna analyses were carried out on a sediment core DOC082 obtained from the western slope of Okinawa Trough (29°13.93′N, 128°08.53′E; 1 128 m water depth). The long-term changes of biogenic and micropaleontological proxies display some similarities through the last 10 500 a, which show three different phases: lower values are recorded during the early and middle Holocene (before about 4 000 a BP), followed by an abrupt and remarkable increase at about 4 000 a BP, the late Holocene (after about 3 000 a BP) is characterized by continuously high values. The multi-proxy data of paleoproductivity and percents of benthic foraminifera genera (Uvigerina and Bulimina) show that during the early and middle Holocene (10 500–4 000 a BP) productivity was relatively low with a sudden and distinct increase at about 4 000 a BP, and the late Holocene (3 400–0 a BP) is marked by significantly higher productivity. Also, the radiolarian-based sea surface temperature (SST) records reveal a distinct decline in SST in the late Holocene after 3 200 a BP, very different from the early and middle Holocene. For the last 3 000 a, the enhanced biological productivity and distinctly lower SST indicate a major change of oceanographic conditions in the northeastern ECS. These marine environmental anomalies are consistent with other paleoclimatic records for the late Holocene in the Chinese continent and its surrounding regions. After analyzing the mechanisms of modern productivity and SST changes in the northeastern ECS, and based on the climatic anomalies in the Chinese continent and variations in the Kuroshio Current during modern El Niño periods, we suggest that the anomalous environmental conditions in the northeastern ECS may imply intensified El Niño activity during the late Holocene.     

Trace-element mobilization during Ca-metasomatism along a major fluid conduit: Eclogitization of blueschist as a consequence of fluid-rock interaction

In the subduction complex of the Tianshan mountains, western China, massive blueschist is cross-cut by an eclogite-facies major fluid conduit surrounded by a reaction zone which is mainly composed of omphacite and garnet. Petrological as well as geochemical evidence suggest that formation of the vein and the eclogitic selvage around the vein was caused by fluid infiltration under peak metamorphic conditions of 21 ± 1.5 kbar and 510 ± 30 °C. The combination of whole-rock with mineral trace-element data as well as mass-balance calculations indicate that substantial differences exist between the unaltered host rock and the part of the system which was altered by fluid-rock interaction. These differences include: (1) depletion of mainly large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) and Li of up to 60% relative to their concentrations in the unaltered host rock; (2) an extreme enrichment of CaO (∼115%), Sr and Pb (>300%) in the altered parts of the vein-wall-rock system; (3) redistribution of heavy rare earth elements (HREE) from partly replaced rutile and recrystallized titanite in the blueschist-eclogite transition zone into newly grown garnet rims in the eclogitic selvage around the vein; (4) transformation of high Nb/Ta rutile into low Nb/Ta titanite which is associated with preferred mobilization of Nb over Ta; and (5) decoupling of Zr and Hf from Nb and Ta; the latter are depleted by ∼30% relative to the unaltered blueschist host rock whereas the former are depleted by only ∼10%. The prerequisite for the transformation of Ca-poor blueschist (6-7 wt.% CaO) into Ca-rich eclogite (up to 13 wt.% CaO) was the infiltration of a Ca-rich fluid. The release of trace elements can be attributed to partitioning of these elements into the passing fluid phase during dissolution-reprecipitation processes in the course of eclogitization. The reactivity of the precursor mineral assemblage and the chemical gradients between the reacting and passing fluid of the conduit are mainly responsible for trace-element mobilization in the studied samples. The suite of trace elements released upon fluid-induced eclogitization of the reactive wall-rock resembles that in island arc magmas showing strong enrichment of LIL elements, strong depletions in HFS elements and intermediate concentrations of REE.     

陕西关中地区城镇等级规模结构分形研究

文章从分形理论在城镇体系研究中的应用入手,根据豪斯道夫（Hausdorff）维数,运用Zipf公式,对陕西省关中地区的城镇等级规模结构进行了分维测算。结果表明,该区域城镇体系具有分形特征,说明分形理论适合关中地区城镇等级规模结构的测算分析。并在分形研究的基础上分析了该区城镇规模结构的分布特点及其存在的问题。最后基于分形理论的测算与分析结果,提出了关中地区城镇体系结构和功能优化的建议。