Rapidly installed temporary gauging for hurricane waves and surge,and application to Hurricane Gustav

Hurricanes can produce extreme nearshore waves and surge, but permanent gauging stations are often much sparser than is desired. This paper describes the rationale behind and outline for rapidly installed temporary coastal gauges, and presents results during Hurricane Gustav (2008). Within 48 h prior to landfall, twenty self-recording pressure gauges were deployed in depths of 1.4–23 m over more than 700 km of coastline, using helicopters to cover the large distances. Results showed a complex picture that was strongly dependent on location. East of the Mississippi Delta, open coast waves were large, and surge reached 3.8 m NAVD88 in marshes. West of the delta but near landfall, waves and surge were generally smaller as the river levees blocked flow from East to West. West of landfall, both waves and surge were very small and the most prominent feature was a water level drawdown that reached 1.5 m. Wave spectra varied strongly depending both on location and time from landfall.     

Agricultural effluent control under uncertainty: An inexact double-sided fuzzy chance-constrained model

An inexact double-sided fuzzy chance-constrained programming (IDFCCP) method was developed in this study and applied to an agricultural effluent control management problem. IDFCCP was formulated through incorporating interval linear programming (ILP) into a double-sided fuzzy chance-constrained programming (DFCCP) framework, and could be used to deal with uncertainties expressed as not only possibility distributions associated with both left- and right-hand-side components of constraints but also discrete intervals in the objective function. The study results indicated that IDFCCP allowed violation of system constraints at specified confidence levels, where each confidence level consisted of two reliability scenarios. This could lead to model solutions with high system benefits under acceptable risk magnitudes. Furthermore, the introduction of ILP allowed uncertain information presented as discrete intervals to be communicated into the optimization process, such that a variety of decision alternatives can be generated by adjusting the decision-variable values within their intervals. The proposed model could help decision makers establish various production patterns with cost-effective water quality management schemes under complex uncertainties, and gain in-depth insights into the trade-offs between system economy and reliability.     

2010年青海玉树地震及震后青藏高原强震趋势分析

2010年4月14日青海玉树发生7.1级地震,这是该区历史上发生的最为强烈的地震。该地震属走滑型,地处青藏高原巴颜喀拉地块南边界,发震断裂为甘孜—玉树—风火山左旋走滑断裂,地震破裂主要向震中东南方向。该地震是巴颜喀拉地块与羌塘地块以不同速率向东运动,地块间的差异运动使其边界应力积累到一定程度引发破裂的结果。根据地震定标律估算的主震断层破裂参数和应力参数为:地震矩M0=1.78×1019N.m,矩震级MW=6.8,断层破裂面积S=468km2,断层错距D=1.4m,断层破裂长度L=37km,断层破裂宽度W=12.6km,剪应力τ0=16.8MPa,应力降Δσ=7.03MPa。历史地震分析表明,玉树7.1级地震是在世界8级以上地震、中国西部大三角7.8级以上地震、南北地震带7级以上地震和巴颜喀拉块体7级以上地震处于强烈活动背景下发生的。玉树地震后,青藏高原巴颜喀拉地块、羌塘地块及川滇菱形块体未来发生7级以上地震的危险性较大。     

青藏块体东北缘地壳水平应变场数值模拟研究

基于青藏块体东北缘1999～2001年GPS结果,分别采用块体整体旋转与线性应变模型和弹性力学有限元法这两类地壳形变数值模拟方法,分析了该区地壳水平应变场特征.结果表明:(1)两类方法在研究地壳形变时各具一定的优势,前者对块体整体运动变形及块体与块体之间的相关性研究具有一定的优势,而后者则较强体现出了应变高值区与深大断层在空间分布的紧密结合性;(2)两类方法所获得的应变高值区具有良好的空间分布一致性,主要集中在阿尔金断裂、祁连山断裂中东段、东昆仑断裂和海原断裂这些深大断裂处及其附近,面压缩值达到了-3×10-8以上,最大剪应变值达到了10×10-8以上;(3)应变高值区的空间分布与中强地震的发生具有一定的对应关系.     

复杂地表条件下高斯波束叠前深度偏移(英文)

在复杂地表条件的区域,地震数据的采集和处理是一项极大的挑战。虽然可以通过静校正来消除起伏地表的影响,然而当地表高程以及近地表速度剧烈变化时,简单的垂直时移对地震波场造成的畸变会严重降低偏移成像的质量。基于射线的偏移方法可以直接在起伏地表面进行波场的延拓成像,是解决上述问题的有效手段。本文针对复杂地表条件下的高斯波束叠前深度偏移进行研究,对倾斜叠加公式进行修改,使之包含地表高程以及速度的信息,通过直接在复杂地表面进行平面波的合成,得到了一种具有更高成像精度的改进方法。首先简单介绍常规高斯波束偏移的基本原理和计算流程,并以此为基础,给出复杂地表条件下高斯波束偏移原有的实现方法以及本文的改进方法,最后通过模型和实际资料的试算验证本文方法的有效性。     

Erratum to: Cloning, characterization, and expression analysis of the DEAD-box family genes, Fc-vasa and Fc-PL10a, in Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis)

<正>In the original article, the name of the fourth author is incorrect. The correct one is Kyoung Ho Kang, in which "Kang" is the family name. The publishing companies apologize to the author.     

土地覆盖对岩溶地下河碳汇的影响——以广西打狗河流域为例

以广西打狗河为例,对比分析河流东、西两岸地下河的土地覆盖差异及其对岩溶碳汇的影响。打狗河东岸林地占56.13%,耕地占15.15%;而西岸林地、耕地分别只占20.8%、12.95%。但西岸的裸岩和荒地比例大,分别占29.57%和25.95%,而东岸分别占14.19%和10.98%。植被和土壤覆盖差异导致了东、西两岸碳循环的地球化学指标有明显的差异,东岸地下河水的HCO3-、Ca2+、PCO2(平均分别是233.71mg/L、85.5mg/L、909.46Pa)明显高于西岸(分别为177.26mg/L、64.65mg/L、257.37Pa),而东岸的SIC、pH值(分别为0.12和7.40)又低于西岸(分别是0.38和7.85)。因此,东岸有更强的岩溶动力条件,东岸地下河的平均碳汇强度比西岸高14%,其中,东岸下桥地下河的碳汇强度是西岸旦峒地下河的3.7倍。东西岸地下河水的δ13CDIC、TOC资料也进一步证明了土地覆盖条件对地下河岩溶碳汇具有重要的影响。