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We compare the equilibrium climate responses of a quasi-dynamical energy balance model to radiative forcing by equivalent changes in CO2, solar total irradiance (Stot) and solar UV (SUV). The response is largest in the SUV case, in which the imposed UV radiative forcing is preferentially absorbed in the layer above 250 mb, in contrast to the weak response from global-columnar radiative loading by increases in CO2 or Stot. The hypersensitive response of the climate system to solar UV forcing is caused by strongly coupled feedback involving vertical static stability, tropical thick cirrus ice clouds and stratospheric ozone. This mechanism offers a plausible explanation of the apparent hypersensitivity of climate to solar forcing, as suggested by analyses of recent climatic records. The model hypersensitivity strongly depends on climate parameters, especially cloud radiative properties, but is effective for arguably realistic values of these parameters. The proposed solar forcing mechanism should be further confirmed using other models (e.g., general circulation models) that may better capture radiative and dynamical couplings of the troposphere and stratosphere. 相似文献
23.
In this paper, flow around two circular cylinders in tandem arrangement with unequal diameters has been investigated using the particle image velocimetry technique (PIV) in a water channel. The upstream to downstream diameter ratio was kept constant at d/D = 2/3, the centre-to-centre distance was varied from 1.2D to 5D and the Reynolds number was varied from 1200 to 4800. The flow characteristics were analyzed through ensemble-averaged patterns of velocity, vorticity, normalized Reynolds stress contours and streamlines. Based on ensemble-averaged and instantaneous flow fields, different flow patterns, including single-wake-shedding at small spacing ratio, bi-stable flow behavior (alternating behavior of reattachment and vortex shedding) at intermediate spacing ratio and co-shedding pattern at large spacing ratio were observed. The effects of Reynolds number and the centre-to-centre spacing ratio on flow patterns and turbulent characteristics were also investigated. It was found that the diameter ratio appears to have a certain effect on the flow patterns at intermediate spacing ratios, where the reattachment of shear layer depends on the lateral width of the wake flow in the lee of the upstream cylinder. Extensive discussion on the distributions of Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy was presented. 相似文献
24.
The temperature anomaly of the terrestrial lower troposphere, inferred from the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) radiometers, is found to be inversely correlated with the area of the Sun covered by coronal holes. The correlation between the monthly time series of global tropospheric temperature anomaly and total coronal hole area from January 1979 to April 1998 has a Pearson coefficient of −0.46, which is different from zero at a 95% confidence level. Physical reasonings for the explained and unexplained parts of the correlation are discussed. The coronal hole area is a physical proxy for both the global-scale, 22-yr geometrical and shorter-term, dynamical components of the cosmic ray modulation, as well as the corpuscular emission of the Sun. Other solar parameters that may indicate a solar radiative effect on climate are also evaluated. It is concluded that variable fluxes either of solar charged particles or cosmic rays modulated by the solar wind, or both, may influence the terrestrial tropospheric temperature on timescale of months to years. 相似文献
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26.
LUMBRES Roscinto Ian Canicosa LEE Young Jin CHOI Hyung Soon KIM Sung Yong JANG Mi Na ABINO Azyleah Caizares SEO Yeon Ok KIM Chan Soo PARK Jung Hwan 《山地科学学报》2014,11(2):442-448
This study was conducted to fit the diameter-height data of Quercusglaucain Jeju Island, South Korea to the four commonly used stem taper equations andto evaluate the performance of the four stem taper models using four statistical criteria: Fit index (FI), root mean square error (RMSE), bias (),and absolute mean difference (AMD). Results showed that the Kozak02stem taper equation provided the best FI(0.9847), RMSE(1.5745),(-0.0030 cm) and AMD (1.0990 cm) whileMax and Burkhart model had the poorest performance among the four stem taper models based on the four evaluation statistics (FI : 0.9793,RMSE : 1.8272, : 0.3040 cm and AMD : 1.3060 cm). These stem taper equations can serve as a useful tool for forest managers in estimating the diameter outside bark at any given height, merchantable stem volumes and total stem volumesof the standing trees of Quercusglaucain theGotjawal forests located in Mount Halla, Jeju Island, South Korea. 相似文献
27.
Effects of climate change on the thermal structure of lakes in the Asian Monsoon Area 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
This research investigates the effect of climate change on the thermal structure of lakes in response to watershed hydrology. We applied a hydrodynamic water quality model coupled to a hydrological model with a future climate scenario projected by a GCM A2 emission scenario to the Yongdam Reservoir, South Korea. In the climate change scenario, the temperature will increase by 2.1°C and 4.2°C and the precipitation will increase by 178.4?mm and 464.4?mm by the 2050 and 2090, respectively, based on 2010. The pattern changes of precipitation and temperature increase due to climate change modify the hydrology of the watershed. The hydrological model results indicate that they increase both surface runoff itself and temperature. The reservoir model simulation with the hydrological model results showed that increasing air temperature is related to higher surface water temperature. Surface water temperature is expected to increase by about 1.2°C and 2.2°C from the 2050 and 2090, respectively, based on the 2010 results. The simulation results of the effects of climate warming on the thermal structure of the Asian Monsoon Area Lake showed consistent results with those of previous studies in terms of greater temperature increases in the epilimnion than in the hypolimnion, increased thermal stratification, and decreasing thermocline depths during the summer and fall. From this study, it was concluded that the hydrodynamic water quality model coupled to the hydrological model could successfully simulate the variability of the epilimnetic temperature, changed depth and magnitude of the thermocline and the changed duration of summer stratification. 相似文献
28.
Lee M. Ock Park S. Jin Kang T. Soon 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2006,5(3):219-227
1Introduction GamakBay,anegg shapedseasurfaceareaofap proximately112km2,isasemi enclosedshallowwaterareawithameandepthof9mandhasbotheastandsouthchannelstoreceiveseawaterfromoutside(seeFig.1).Similarscalesoftidalwavesalmostsimultane ouslyenterorexitthrough… 相似文献
29.
Copper slag is a by-product obtained from production of copper metal. As copper slag contains silica and alumina, it may exhibit pozzolanic property, and hence it may be re-use in ground improvement applications as a partial replacement of cement. Present study evaluates systematically the possible pozzolanic property of copper slag as well as studies the effect of copper slag on engineering properties of cement-treated clay. X-rays diffraction method was employed to assess the possible pozzolanic property of copper slag. Effect of copper slag on engineering properties (i.e. compressive strength and compressibility) of cement-treated clay was studied with samples prepared with constant water content and workability. The test results showed that with sufficient curing time and at constant workability, the compressive strength of cement-treated clay was found to be increased with increasing amount of copper slag at high cement content but the compressive strength remained the same with increasing amount of copper slag at low cement content. Compressibility of cement-treated clay was found to be unchanged with increasing amount of copper slag. It was concluded that copper slag can be used as partial replacement of cement in treating soft marine clay. 相似文献
30.
Variational principles governing dynamics of fluid-saturated linear elastic porous media are derived. Complementary as well as direct formulations are discussed. Discontinuities in the field variables, the approximation space and the excitation are allowed for. Extensions of the variational principles to relax smootheness requirements on certain field variables are introduced along with some specizalizations convenient for finite element applications. 相似文献