走航式海洋观测平台设计及其初步应用*

缺乏现场海洋观测数据是限制我们进一步认识海洋的瓶颈之一。文章设计了具备远程遥测功能的全自动海洋监测平台, 该平台无人值守、采用走航观测方式自动获取长时间序列海洋监测数据。此研究还对该平台进行了近海和远洋走航共两次验证测试。结果表明, 该平台稳定可靠、兼容性好, 走航数据符合所监测水域的水体特征, 可用于探讨相关参数的变化特征, 揭示事件和过程的机制机理。如果将该平台搭载于轮渡、渔船等非科考船, 则可以在现有海洋技术条件下, 高效地获取更大的空间和时间尺度的实时大数据, 为解决海洋观测数据缺乏的问题, 提供一种技术手段。     

南海典型海区浮游植物吸收光谱特征及遥感反演产品的精度评估

基于遥感手段准确估算浮游植物吸收系数a_ph(l), 可为长时间、大尺度范围识别浮游植物功能种群提供有力的数据和方法支撑。利用2003至2012年获取自南海、琼东、广东近岸和珠江口各典型海区的实测a_ph(l)数据, 对比分析表层光谱特征, 初步判断浮游植物种群结构差异; 基于MODIS-Aqua二级遥感反射率产品, 分别采用经验算法PL和半分析算法QAA对a_ph(l)遥感产品进行精度评估。结果表明, 以南海、琼东为代表的清洁海域和以广东沿岸、珠江口为代表的浑浊海域表层a_ph(l)光谱差异明显; a_ph(l)在清洁海域量值较小但在颗粒物吸收中居于主导, 而在浑浊海域并不占优; 浮游植物单位吸收系数a_ph^*(l)存在明显的空间差异, 色素打包效应以及色素组成是造成差异的可能原因。经验算法PL较之于半分析算法QAA反演得到的a_ph(l)(l=412, 443, 490)遥感产品精度更高, 平均相对误差APD小于22%; 采用区域优化算法NOCI获得的Chl-a产品作为输入参数, 算法PL所得的a_ph(l)遥感产品APD不超过14%。结果表明, 基于水色遥感产品进行a_ph(l)遥感产品精度评估和探讨不同海区浮游植物功能种群具有较强应用前景。     

基于分数阶傅里叶变换的水下目标速度估计

在高斯白噪声背景下,匹配滤波器作为线性调频信号的最优检测器,在水声信号处理中被广泛应用。 当发射信号为线性调频信号时,由水下目标径向速度引起的多普勒频移会造成回波和样本之间失配, 使匹配滤波器的检测性能下降,增加了目标速度估计的难度。 利用分数阶傅里叶变换对于线性调频信号的聚焦特性,提出了应用分数阶傅里叶变换的水下运动目标线性调频回波检测算法,完成对目标速度的估计, 推导目标运动速度与分数阶傅里叶变换阶数之间的关系,并对测量结果进行误差分析。 仿真测试表明,该算法可有效地估计混响背景下的目标径向速度,且具有良好的估计性能。     

Gravitational Waves and Gravitational-wave Sourcestwo

The recent discovery of gravitational-wave burst GW150914 marks the coming of a new era of gravitational-wave astronomy, which provides a new window to study the physics of strong gravitational field, extremely massive stars, extremely high energy processes, and extremely early universe. In this article, we introduce the basic characters of gravitational waves in the Einstein's general relativity, their observational effects and main generation mechanisms, including the rotation of neutron stars, evolution of binary systems, and spontaneous generation in the inflation universe. Different sources produce the gravitational waves at quite different frequencies, which can be detected by different methods. In the lowest frequency range (f < 10^?15 Hz), the detection is mainly dependent of the observation of B-mode polarization of cosmic microwave background radiation. In the middle frequency range (10^?9 < f < 10^?6 Hz), the gravitational waves are detected by analyzing the timing residuals of millisecond pulsars. And in the high frequency range (10 ? 4 < f < 10⁴ Hz), they can be detected by the space-based and ground-based laser interferometers. In particular, we focus on the main features, detection methods, detection status, and the future prospects for several important sources, including the continuous sources (e.g., the spinning neutron stars, and stable binary systems), the burst sources (e.g., the supernovae, and the merge of binary system), and the stochastic backgrounds generated by the astrophysical and cosmological process. In addition, we forecast the potential breakthroughs in gravitational-wave astronomy in the near future, and the Chinese projects which might involve in these discoveries.     

What do parameterized Om(z) diagnostics tell us in light of recent observations?

In this paper, we propose a new parametrization for Om(z) diagnostics and show how the most recent and significantly improved observations concerning the H(z) and SN Ia measurements can be used to probe the consistency or tension between the ΛCDM model and observations. Our results demonstrate that H0 plays a very important role in the consistency test of ΛCDM with H(z)data. Adopting the Hubble constant priors from Planck 2013 and Riess, one finds considerable tension between the current H(z) data and ΛCDM model and confirms the conclusions obtained previously by others. However, with the Hubble constant prior taken from WMAP9, the discrepancy between H(z) data and ΛCDM disappears, i.e., the current H(z) observations still support the cosmological constant scenario. This conclusion is also supported by the results derived from the Joint Lightcurve Analysis(JLA) SN Ia sample. The best-fit Hubble constant from the combination of H(z)+JLA(H00 = 68.81+1.5-1.49 km s-1 Mpc-1) is very consistent with results derived both by Planck 2013 and WMAP9, but is significantly different from the recent local measurement by Riess.     

Changing Connectivities of Chinese Cities in the World City Network,2010–2016

Against the backdrop of the sizable economic growth of China in recent years, this paper uses the most recent data gathering of the Globalization and World Cities(Ga WC) research network to update and supplement earlier research on the shifting global connectivity of Chinese cities. The update consists of an evaluation of the connectivity of Chinese cities in 2016, the supplement of an analysis of the changing position of Chinese cities in the world city network between 2010 and 2016. To this end, we build on a specification of the world city network as an ‘interlocking network' in which producer services firms play the crucial role in city network formation. Information about the presence of leading producer services firms in cities in 2010 and 2016 is used as the input to a bipartite network projection algorithm in order to measure cities' network connectivity. The first set of results discusses the geographies of urban connectivity in the world city network in 2016. The second set of results discusses standardized measures of change to reveal the major dimensions of the transformations between 2010 and 2016. We find that, with the exception of Hong Kong, Macau and Kaohsiung of Taiwan, all Chinese cities record connectivity gains. This wholesale rise in connectivity is nonetheless geographically uneven, with above all Beijing, Chengdu/Chongqing and Changsha/Wuhan becoming more connected. We conclude that the wholesale rise of Chinese cities in the world city network and their changing trajectories in the post-crisis era are embedded in shifting external and internal political economies.     

北京高空温度的统计特征

对１９６１～１９９４年自地面至高空２０ｈＰａ的温度资料进行了统计分析,以了解北京高空气温的季节变化、垂直分布和长期变化趋势。研究发现：以１５０ｈＰａ层为界,其上部和下部的温度变化有着不同的气候特征,如在该层以下各层上的温度年较差为正值,而其上则为负值;近３０余年来,对流层下层温度显著增加,对流层上层和平流层的温度在降低,对流层温度直减率加大     

青藏高原多向碰撞─揳入隆升地球动力学模式

论证了青藏高原形成与隆升过程中的变形构造格局。岩石圈结构、青藏高原隆升与周边前陆沉积盆地耦合关系、高原隆升的地球动力学模式等。提出青藏高原碰撞-隆升过程中,高原边缘以走滑-挤压构造为主,高原内部以伸展构造为主;高原隆升过程中,岩石圈变形总体是：上部以伸展变形为主,中部以挤压变形为主,下部以伸展变形为主。通过青藏高原及周边岩石圈结构及隆升过程变形作用时-空耦合关系的对比研究,建立起青藏高原隆升机制的多向碰撞-入隆升地球动力学模式。     

饱合土的强夯模拟试验

用ＭＴＳ ８１０Ｔｅｓｔｓｔａｒ程控伺服土动三轴试验机,对饱合土强夯加固地基的全过程进行高精度模拟,获得饱合土在强夯作用下的动应力,动位移,孔隙水压力的变化规律及强夯的应力－应变关系特征,在一定程度上揭示了强夯机理。     

江西金山金矿床两类矿化及其石英热发光特征

金山金矿床为一大型剪切带型独立矿床,主要矿化类型分为含金石英脉及硅化岩型两种,前者分布于金山剪切带上盘粉砂质千枚岩中,受顺层剪切裂隙控制,规模较小;后者主要受金山剪切带内Ｒ型剪切裂隙控制,规模大。研究表明,两类矿化是性质相同的含矿变质流体以不同方式在不同构造位置发生成矿作用的产物。石英热发光特征是评价两者含矿性的有效标志。