谈固体地球动力学系统的自组织

地球在3.8 Ga前不断有小星体撞击,属于不稳定的开放系统,积累了大量物质和能量。太古宙以后开始形成了准圈层结构,转变为封闭的能量消散系统,并开始建立了系统整体凝聚力和活力之间高度平衡的自组织机制。固体地球系统的重力和化学亲和力产生地球系统物质向内运动的凝聚力。地球存储在地核中的热能和放射性物质的核能,是驱动和维持着固体地球内部物质向外运动的活力来源。地球的自组织指的就是自我调控系统凝聚力和活力之间平衡的调节能力。固体地球系统局部时空尺度的物质运动是各态遍历的,大尺度全局的物质运动规律是确定性的,是自组织机制发挥作用的结果。固体地球系统的自组织能力现在还保持在很高的水平。     

高压直流输电对甘肃地电场观测影响分析

以甘肃河西地区瓜州、嘉峪关、高台地电场观测受酒泉一湖南±800 kV高压直流输电工程影响为例,分析了甘肃地电场观测受干扰的异常变化形态和特征,并结合高压直流输电基本原理,对异常机理进行了探讨,定量的计算了不同距离、不同电导率和高压直流输电入地电流等对地电场观测的可能影响。结果表明,在理想状态下,高压直流输电对地电场观测的影响与入地电流成正比,与地电场观测场地距换流站接地极的距离的平方和影响区域的电导率成反比。并采用最小二乘拟合法对干扰进行消除,效果理想。     

2019年10月28日甘肃夏河5.7级地震强地面运动特征分析

2019年10月28日甘肃省夏河县发生5.7级地震,中国数字强震动台网的18个专业台站在此次地震中触发。本文处理捕获的54条三分向加速度记录,给出近场台站的地震动参数,绘制了震中附近区域峰值加速度等值线图,其长轴呈WN-ES方向展布。将实际观测数据与几种常用地震动衰减关系对比,发现俞言祥^[1]短轴衰减预测模型能更好地反映此次地震的影响场。将振幅较大的62LBL、62BLX台的反应谱与我国抗震设计反应谱比较,采用最小二乘法拟合出不同震中距5个台站各周期谱加速度衰减特性,总结了此次地震的反应谱基本特征。运用H/V谱比法对4个典型台站进行场地地震反应分析,研究了局部场地条件对峰值加速度和峰值速度的影响过程。     

A review on developments in the electrical structure of craton lithosphere

Cratons have a long history of evolution. In this paper, applications of the magnetotelluric method used in the study of craton lithosphere over the past 30 years were reviewed, examining case studies of cratons in North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Africa. The nuclei of the Archean cratons, for example the Kalahari Craton and Rae Craton, are usually characterized by thick and highly resistive lithospheric roots. During or after the formation of the cratons, tectonothermal events, such as collision, mantle plume, and asthenosphere upwelling led to the formation of high-conductivity zones in the craton lithosphere, which could be attributed to the increased hydrogen content (of nominally anhydrous minerals), higher iron content, and formation of graphite films or sulfides along the grain boundary of minerals. These conductive zones are characterized by resistivity discontinuities in craton lithosphere. In particular, the conductive zones include (1) large-scale lithospheric mantle conductors beneath the Slave Craton, Gawler Craton, and central part of North China Craton(Trans-North China Orogen); (2) near-vertical high-conductivity zone associated with the fossil subduction zone beneath the Dharwar Craton and Slave Craton; and (3) regional lateral electrical discontinuities, such as a conductive anomaly under the Bushveld Complex of the Kaapvaal Craton. The eMoho refers to the electrical discontinuity in the crust-mantle boundary. In existing research, this has been detected under the condition of extremely high lithospheric resistivity with only a slight decrease in the lower crust, and in the case of a very thin conductive lower crust or the lack thereof. In the resistivity model, the unique “mushroom-like” lower crust-lithosphere mantle conductor and very thin lower crust layer of the North China Craton may represent lithosphere destruction and/or thinning. We also find that some of the cratons are still not well understood. Therefore, extensive three-dimensional inversion and joint interpretation of geochemical, geophysical, and geologic data are necessary to understand the tectonic evolutionary history of craton lithosphere.

     

Three Dimensional Crustal Density Structure of Central Asia and its Geological Implications

This paper introduces the scale-depth law of multi-scale wavelet analysis for regional gravity data processing, and presents the results of its application to Central Asia for computation of the 3D crustal density structures. The wavelet analysis method is applied for characterizing 3D crustal density structure, producing five maps of density disturbance corresponding to different depths of equivalent layers in the crust. The results provide important evidence for the study of crustal structures and mass movement in Central Asia: (i) the small-scale and intensive linear density disturbances in the upper crust indicate Phanerozoic orogenic belts; (ii) there exists a horseshoe-shaped low-density belt in the middle crust coinciding with the Kazakhstan orocline; (iii) there is a very low density zone in the lower crust, extending from western Kunlun to Tianshan, probably indicating a lower-crust flow; (iv) there are a few lowdensity spots in the middle crust, which might be caused by low-density mass squeezing upward from the lower crust flows.     

杭州地区地下空间调查地球物理方法技术研究

随着中国经济的快速发展和城市化进程的加快,有限的土地资源和城市发展之间的矛盾越来越突出,城市地下空间的安全、合理利用和地质环境保护具有重要的战略意义.为了解决G20、亚运会以及数字经济为杭州市快速发展带来的人口快速增长与土地资源有限的瓶颈问题,针对以杭州为代表的南方丘陵地区地下空间精细探测需求,开展了弹性波法、电法与电...     

青藏高原软流圈与特提斯洋板块俯冲

由于缺乏足够的青藏高原内部观测的地震数据,难以对地壳上地幔构造进行准确的地震体波三维层析成像。在中国西部设有412个地方地震台站,2005～2008年观测仪器全部实现了数字化,为解决地震体波层析成像的观测数据问题提供了新的可能性。经过收集和整理这些地方地震台2009～2015年的数字化观测数据,得到了通过青藏高原的足够地震射线和对应的走时数据,处理后在北京和美国进行了三维层析成像计算,取得了一致的结果。利用地方地震台站的数据开展青藏高原地壳地震波速度的三维层析成像研究,得到1°×1°×20 km网格的纵波三维速度结构图像,揭示了青藏高原地壳上地幔波速结构特征。三维层析成像研究结果表明,青藏高原岩石圈地幔的速度变化很不连续,与软流圈没有连续的分界面。青藏高原软流圈内局部的高速和低速异常密集分布,与克拉通地区均匀分布的模式不同。这种软流圈内异常密集分布的模式,是新生代以来特有的大规模能量交换和物质运动的反映。成像结果发现在高原软流圈底部有一个清晰和稳定的高波速异常,它是现今特提斯洋板块的反映,纬度在28°～40°N之间。根据印度板块和特提斯洋板块的推进运动速度的估计,可以把现今特提斯洋板块构造模型沿时间轴反推回50 Ma和100 Ma以前,得到反映特提斯洋板块演化和青藏高原上地幔地质作用过程的模式。此模式说明,在50 Ma前特提斯洋板块已经俯冲到青藏高原软流圈,然后慢慢地下沉到软流圈底部。根据这个新生代青藏高原上地幔地质作用过程的反推模式,对不同时期特提斯洋板块和印度板块陆—陆俯冲前沿进行了定量的定位。这个作用过程的模式对板块构造学说以往的认识有一个重要突破:不认为所有的大洋板块都会俯冲到上地幔底部,宽度较小、俯冲速度较快的特提斯洋板块可能只俯冲到410 km的间断面之上。     

从卫星重力资料看中国及邻区地壳密度结构

本文应用小波多尺度分析等信息提取新方法,从地球重力场模型(EGM2008)经各项校正得到的中国及邻区卫星布格重力异常中提取和反演了中国及邻区上、中、下地壳的密度信息,揭示了区域地壳三维密度结构。下地壳低密度扰动主要出现在青藏高原和华南沿海到对马海峡一带,其它地区多现较高密度扰动。所有克拉通地体密度在中下地壳都是高密度的。中下地壳低密度扰动带可分成四类:(1)出现在板块边界的低密度扰动条带,(2)出现在中国西部挤压构造有关的山脉下方,(3)与拉张走滑构造有关的构造带,(4)和与大陆内部板内造山有关的构造带。上地壳结晶基底的低密度扰动可出现在显生宙造山带和未充分发育的大陆裂谷。碰撞俯冲造山带以地壳低密度大厚度为特征,但是板内造山带不同,以地壳局部高密度中厚度为特征,局部高密度反映了中基性结晶岩的存在,莫霍面上拱反映了中基性岩浆侵入。板内拉张裂谷带上地壳基底密度局部低、中地壳低速带发育反映拉张区的流体活动,而下地壳反射体发育、莫霍面变厚成层反映拉张区的玄武岩浆底侵。由于卫星重力测量资料分辨率毕竟有限,对中国东部地区还未能给出关于中地壳密度扰动的细节,还必须开展地面重力测量资料的小波多尺度分析。     

Using hydrochemical,stable isotope,and river water recharge data to identify groundwater flow paths in a deeply buried karst system

The deeply buried river‐connected Xishan karst aquifer (XKA) in western Beijing, China, has been suffering from diminishing recharge for several decades, which in turn leads to the disappearing of spring water outflows and continuously lowering of groundwater level in the area. Thus, it is important to correctly recognize the groundwater recharge and flow paths for the sustainable development of the XKA. To investigate these issues, the hydrochemical and isotopic compositions are analysed for both surface water and groundwater samples collected over an area of about 280 km². Results show that (a) the river water is characterized by high Na contents; (b) the δ²H and δ¹⁸O values in the river water are distinctively higher than those of groundwater samples, after experiencing the long‐time evaporative enrichment in the upstream reservoir; (c) the Sr concentrations and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of groundwater clearly indicated the interaction between water and carbonate minerals but excluded the water–silicate interaction; and (d) the groundwater samples in the direct recharge area of the XKA have the lowest Na concentrations and the δ²H and δ¹⁸O values. Based on the large differences in the Na contents and ¹⁸O values of groundwater and surface water, a simple two‐component mixing model is developed for the study area and the fractions of the river water are estimated for groundwater samples. We find that the distribution pattern of the river water fractions in the XKA clearly shows a change of directions in the preferential flow path of the groundwater from its source zone to the discharge area. Overall, our results suggest that the recharged surface water can be a useful evidence for delineating the groundwater flow path in river‐connected karst aquifer. This study improves our understanding of the heterogeneity in karst groundwater systems.