西藏地球化学填图及其意义

本文介绍谢学锦先生快速进行区域地球化学填图的计划在西藏取得的成果。区域水化学填图可分析66个指标,效率高,成本低,见效快;同时水化学填图的空间定位和分辨率比采集土壤样品的填图会差一些。西藏地球化学填图成果呈现了一定的规律性,例如西藏66种元素的地球化学图中,有三分之二沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带出现异常带。西藏许多元素的分布受雅鲁藏布江缝合带影响,是因为特提斯洋原有的一些元素残留在雅鲁藏布江缝合带两侧。氧化钾、氧化钠沿雅鲁藏布江缝合地带出现含量高的异常带,可见特提斯洋中丰富的钾、钠成分残留在代表大洋封闭的雅鲁藏布江缝合带两侧。沿雅鲁藏布江缝合地带氧化钙出现含量低的异常带,可用特提斯洋中的碳汇作用来解释,即特提斯洋中的钙由于碳汇作用变成碳酸盐岩石,氧化钙出现含量低的异常。西藏的地球化学图对矿产勘查和生态环境研究也具有一定意义。     

青藏高原下地壳热变形和管道流研究

本文应用地球三维成像方法和现代物理学的理论,来说明青藏高原下地壳管道流形成的原因和条件。根据区域重力资料提取的地壳三维密度成像的信息,进一步探讨了青藏高原地壳低密度扰动带反映的地质构造。应用地壳三维密度图像,分析了青藏高原下地壳为什么会形成管道流的原因,圈定了下地壳管道流所在位置。通过连续介质物理学的理论分析了热变形带如何引起下地壳管道流的机制,给出通过密度扰动计算了下地壳热应变率的方程式。结果表明,青藏高原下地壳管道流的热应变幅度大约为15.5mm~3/a。按照方程式和下地壳的密度扰动数据计算了青藏高原下地壳热应变幅度分布图。图中正热应变幅度代表热膨胀,负热应变幅度代表冷收缩;下地壳管道流随应变率从高向低流动。下地壳岩石热应变率最高处指示下地壳管道流的源头,位于喀拉昆仑断裂东侧与雅鲁藏布至班公—怒江缝合带的连接区段,和雅鲁藏布缝合带北侧的拉孜—林芝段。从喀拉昆仑断裂东侧源头的下地壳管道流主要流向北东和北西两个方向。从雅鲁藏布缝合带北侧源头的下地壳管道流主要流向北东到理塘—雅江和滇北地区,然后又分为南北两个方向分流。下地壳管道流位置或可向上挤出到中地壳,引起青藏高原重力不均衡和山脉隆升。同时,三维密度成像的结果支持下地壳流牙膏式向上挤出的蠕动模式。     

写中文论文,让中国人民首先受益——本刊第40届编委会2019年新年献词

在即将迎来新中国70周年大庆之际,我们希望中国科技工作者多写中文论文,用实际行动响应国家主席习近平关于“广大科技工作者要把论文写在祖国的大地上,把科技成果应用在实现现代化的伟大事业中”的号召。发表中文论文, 用实际行动支持实现中国梦 。 当下,是中国科技事业最为繁荣的时期,在中国共产党中央的正确领导下,科学研究受到空前的重视,科学研究的经费达到历史上的最高位。不过,现在有许多科技工作者在写中文论文时有许多难处,因为许多西方媒体把中文期刊与低水平划等号;不少国人也把外国期刊与先进水平划等号。于是,研究生不在国外期刊发表论文毕不了业,研究人员不在国外期刊发表论文得不到职称晋升,也很难申请到新的科研项目。他们常常没有选择,不得不把实验数据和研究结果送到外国期刊发表,“把论文发表在外国期刊”成为一种不应出现的怪象。     

非线性波动方程地震反演的方法原理及问题

在解反射地震的非线性反问题时,目前都采用各种迭代算法(如梯度法、最速下降法及共轭梯度下降法等),并以拟合差取极小为准则.本文对这方面具有代表性的波动方程反演理论作分析评述,指出这种经典性方法的缺点和局限,以及发展非线性波动方程地震反演的方向.     

Geophysical profiling across the Sulu ultra-high-pressure metamorphic belt, eastern China

The largest ultra-high pressure metamorphic (UHPM) belt in the world is located along the Dabie–Sulu region, which tectonically belongs to the east part of the central orogenic belt of China. Integrated geophysical investigations of using deep seismic reflection, MT, and geothermal observations have been carried out in the Sulu area since 1997. The results of integrated interpretation suggest the existence of three features: (1) a rift beneath the Lianshui basin by the Jiashan–Xionshui fault; (2) a special crustal pattern, called the magmatic multi-arch structure occurs beneath the northern Sulu UHPM zone; and (3) a northwest-dipping regional thrust crosses the Sulu crust, representing the intracontinental subduction of the Yangtze craton beneath the Sulu metamorphic belts after collision between the Yangtze and Sino-Korean cratons. A magmatic multi-arch structure consists of some arched reflectors that occur in both the lower and the upper crust where arched reflectors coincide with granitoid plutons. The multi-arch structures are common in eastern China where many Mesozoic granitoid plutons of different scales occur. The crustal structures in the Sulu metamorphic belts resulted from intensive dynamic processes following the Triassic collision between the Yangtze and Sino-Korean cratons. The formation and exhumation of UHPM rocks followed the collision, and then intracontinental subduction of the Yangtze craton beneath the Dabie–Sulu terranes took place in the early and middle Jurassic. In the late Jurassic, the Sulu lithosphere turned to an extensional regime, large-scale granitic intrusions occurred in eastern China; these likely resulted from lithospheric thinning and asthenospheric uplifting. The granitic intrusions came to a climax during the Cretaceous and were followed by rifting along existing faults in the early Eogene, resulting in many petroleum basins. The granitoid emplacement that generated the magmatic multi-arch structure and the rift were consequences of the lithospheric thinning process, and deep intracontinental subduction of the Yangtze craton beneath the Sulu metamorphic belt might partially contribute to the lithospheric thinning.     

三维成像揭示的青藏高原地壳流体层分布

应用三维地球物理成像技术可以揭示陆域地壳的流体分布。在青藏高原,高分辨率的地震波速度三维图像是揭示高原地壳流体层分布的主要方法。从取得的三维波速、密度和电阻率图象可见,低波速、低密度和低电阻率异常指示了地壳流体层的位置和范围。同时,高波速高密度异常也揭示上方发育的屏蔽盖层。据此,划分出高原地壳的多个流体发育层的分布范围。根据地壳高分辨率地震层析成像的结果还发现,青藏高原地壳流体发育层分布,与其下面的软流圈上涌有密切关联。     

东非大裂谷的地壳和上地幔密度结构

利用卫星重力场数据和小波多尺度分析方法对东非大裂谷进行三维密度结构成像,取得了东非大裂谷地壳和上地幔多个深度等效层上的密度扰动图像,为东非大裂谷岩石圈结构和动力学的研究提供了重要佐证。结果表明,东非大裂谷中段的西支裂谷与东支裂谷的幔源熔体同源,但是西支裂谷发育较不充分、形成较晚。东非大裂谷的动力学模式为熔流体上涌的树形分叉模式,其要点包括：① 低密度流体在软流圈大面积上涌;② 流体在岩石圈继续上涌,部分转化为基性岩浆岩,平面面积缩小;③ 进入地壳后上涌熔流体分叉成多支,平面总面积进一步缩小; ④ 熔流体上涌到上地壳后仅在裂谷带活动,反映为火山链和玄武岩带。     

谈固体地球动力学系统的自组织

地球在3.8 Ga前不断有小星体撞击,属于不稳定的开放系统,积累了大量物质和能量。太古宙以后开始形成了准圈层结构,转变为封闭的能量消散系统,并开始建立了系统整体凝聚力和活力之间高度平衡的自组织机制。固体地球系统的重力和化学亲和力产生地球系统物质向内运动的凝聚力。地球存储在地核中的热能和放射性物质的核能,是驱动和维持着固体地球内部物质向外运动的活力来源。地球的自组织指的就是自我调控系统凝聚力和活力之间平衡的调节能力。固体地球系统局部时空尺度的物质运动是各态遍历的,大尺度全局的物质运动规律是确定性的,是自组织机制发挥作用的结果。固体地球系统的自组织能力现在还保持在很高的水平。     

青藏高原刻痕与地壳分层构造

本文针对青藏高原的科学问题,讨论多尺度刻痕分析结果的地质和大地构造含义。区域重力场小波多尺度刻痕分析方法可应用于刻画地壳分层的三维密度结构和构造变形带,取得的反映上、中和下地壳结构的3套图件,为研究地壳构造和物质运动提供了有深度标定的定量的约束。方法应用到青藏高原后,研究结果表明上地壳结晶基底的图件与地表观察的地质构造吻合图件,而得出的中、下地壳图件提供了地表观察难以准确辨识的大量信息。例如,青藏高原内密度较高的地体包括喜马拉雅地体、克什米尔地体、察隅河地体、柴达木地体、巴颜喀拉地体和羌塘地体。柴达木地体、巴颜喀拉地体和羌塘地体是青藏高原中有壳根的核,而密度最高的克什米尔和察隅河地体在大陆碰撞时不易碎裂,对东西两个构造结的形成起了关键作用。青藏高原地壳大尺度强烈的低密度扰动反映了下地壳流的源区或者侧向挤出管道流,下地壳流可分为垂向管道流和侧向管道流两种。反映地壳变形带的脊形化参数图标明了现今地壳不同深度构造的位置,这些包括古地体拼合缝合带、古俯冲变形带、走滑剪切变形带等。结合边界刻痕参数图,可以绘制出中、下地壳构造图。     

The occurrences and geochemical characteristics of thorium in iron ore in the Bayan Obo deposit,Northern China

The Bayan Obo deposit in northern China is an ultra-large Fe–REE–Nb deposit.The occurrences,and geochemical characteristics of thorium in iron ores from the Bayan Obo Main Ore Body were examined using chemical analysis,field emission scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectrometer,and automatic mineral analysis software.Results identified that 91.69%of ThO2 in the combined samples was mainly distributed in rare earth minerals(bastnaesite,huanghoite,monazite;56.43%abundance in the samples),iron minerals(magnetite,hematite,pyrite;20.97%),niobium minerals(aeschynite;14.29%),and gangue minerals(aegirine,riebeckite,mica,dolomite,apatite,fluorite;4.22%).An unidentified portion(4.09%)of ThO2 may occur in other niobium minerals(niobite,ilmenorutile,pyrochlore).Only a few independent minerals of thorium occur in the iron ore samples.Thorium mainly occurs in rare earth minerals in the form of isomorphic substitution.Analyses of the geochemical characteristics of the major elements indicate that thorium mineralization in the Main Ore Body was related to alkali metasomatism,which provided source material and favorable porosity for hydrothermal mineralization.Trace elements such as Sc,Nb,Zr,and Ta have higher correlation coefficients with thorium,which resulted from being related to the relevant minerals formed during thorium mineralization.In addition,correlation analysis of ThO2 and TFe,and REO and TFe in the six types of iron ore samples showed that ThO2 did not always account for the highest distribution rate in rare earth minerals,and the main occurrence minerals of ThO2 were closely related to iron ore types.