A bio-optical inversion model to retrieve absorption contributions and phytoplankton size structure from total minus water spectral absorption using genetic algorithm

We propose a bio-optical inversion model that retrieves the absorption contributions of phytoplankton and colored detrital matter(CDM),as well as the phytoplankton size classes(PSCs),from total minus water absorption spectra.The model is based on three-component separation of phytoplankton size structure and a genetic algorithm.The model performance was tested on two independent datasets(the NASA bio-Optical Marine Algorithm Dataset(NOMAD) and the northern South China Sea(NSCS) dataset).The relationships between the estimated and measured values were strongly linear,especially for aCDM(412),and the Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) of the CDM exponential slope(SCDM) was relatively low.Next,the inversion model was directly applied to in-situ total minus water absorption spectra determined by an underwater meter during a cruise in September 2008,to retrieve the phytoplankton size structure in the seawater.By comparing the measured and retrieved chlorophyll a concentrations,we demonstrated that total and size-specific chlorophyll a concentrations could be retrieved by the model with relatively high accuracy.Finally,we applied the bio-optical inversion model to investigate changes in phytoplankton size structure induced by an anti-cyclonic eddy in the NSCS.     

Influence of heterogeneity on unsaturated hydraulic properties: (1) local heterogeneity and scale effect

Spatial heterogeneity is ubiquitous in nature, which may significantly affect the soil hydraulic property curves. The models of a closed‐form functional relationship of soil hydraulic property curves (e.g. VG model or exponential model) are valid at point or local scale based on a point‐scale hydrological process, but how do scale effects of heterogeneity have an influence on the parameters of these models when the models are used in a larger scale process? This paper uses a two‐dimensional variably saturated flow and solute transport finite element model (VSAFT2) to simulate variations of pressure and moisture content in the soil flume under a constant head boundary condition. By changing different numerical simulation block sizes, a quantitative evaluation of parameter variations in the VG model, resulting from the scale effects, is presented. Results show that the parameters of soil hydraulic properties are independent of scale in homogeneous media. Parameters of α and n in homogeneous media, which are estimated by using the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curve (UHC) or the soil water retention curve (WRC), are identical. Variations of local heterogeneities strongly affect the soil hydraulic properties, and the scale affects the results of the parameter estimations when numerical experiments are conducted. Furthermore, the discrepancy of each curve becomes considerable when moisture content becomes closer to a dry situation. Parameters estimated by UHC are totally different from the ones estimated by WRC. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南海北部冷泉区深水珊瑚的发现及其特征

冷水珊瑚也称为深水珊瑚, 在生物多样性、生态资源和科研价值等方面具有重要意义。文章对采自南海北部冷泉区的冷水珊瑚骨骼碎屑进行测定, 鉴定出冷水珊瑚2个种(Crispatotrochus sp.1和Crispatotrochus sp.2), 以及4个属[Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia)、Balanophyllia (Eupsammia)、Lochmaeotrochus和Enallopsammia]。测定的冷水珊瑚的δ¹³C为-7.36‰~-1.15‰, δ¹⁸O为-1.38‰~3.67‰, 与全球冷水珊瑚碳氧同位素组成相似, 但明显不同于南海暖水珊瑚、冷泉碳酸盐岩及低温热液成因碳酸盐岩的碳氧同位素组成。     

厄尔尼诺与亚洲季风对港澳地区降雨影响

分析研究了香港1853～1997年（145年）、澳门1901～1997年（97年）的月和年降雨量的一些特征。主要结论是：（1）香港、澳门年降雨量存在准2～6年的周期振荡，澳门年降雨量有很强的长期趋势，香港年降雨量无明显趋势；（2）香港、澳门年内雨量的峰值出现在西南季风期（6月和8月），而谷值在东北季风期（12月）；（3）EI Nino事件年，香港、澳门年降雨量距平百分率多为正，降雨偏多。在La Nila事件年，香港、澳门年降雨量距平百分率多为负，降雨偏少。     

河北省崇礼幅1∶50 000矿产地质图数据库

根据《固体矿产地质调查技术要求(1∶50 000)》(DD 2019-02)和行业其他规范要求,完成河北省崇礼幅1∶50 000专项地质填图379.93 km²、矿点检查11处,采集水系沉积物样品1622件、重力测量物理点1623个,测试锆石U-Pb年龄样3组、流体包裹体样80余件,系统编制了河北省崇礼幅1∶50 000矿产地质图,并建立了数据库。突出了对燕山期岩浆岩和相关脉岩、碱性杂岩体和谷嘴子岩组、矿化蚀变等相关成矿信息的表达,厘定了崇礼幅中太古代、新太古代的变质深成侵入体,划分了海西期、印支期、燕山期的岩浆岩建造类型,划分了张家口组火山岩的7个建造类型、谷嘴子岩组变质岩的3个建造类型,系统总结了该区金矿的成矿地质体、成矿构造及成矿结构面、成矿作用特征标志。该数据库为该区金矿的找矿工作提供了基础数据支撑,对金矿目标层地质信息和构造建造信息的提取提供了便利条件,对今后矿产勘查部署具有一定的参考价值。     

利用雷电定位系统进行电网雷击故障快速查询

At present, lightning is one of the 10 natural disasters, and it is also the top environmental factor of power interruption. It often causes huge losses to the electric system. The Wuhan High Voltage Institute of the State Grid Corporation of China and Huazhong University of Science and Technology have been researching and developing lightning location systems （LLSs） since the late 1980s. In the mid-1990s, a lightning detection network was created in 29 provinces and cities in China. It is primarily applied to rapidly find lightning accidents, which greatly reduces power interruption. Also, it ensures high efficiency and safe operation of the electricity system. Remarkable benefit is achieved. China＇s LLS went through an ＂orientation positioning - time difference positioning - integrated positioning＂ development process. The positioning precision, detection efficiency, degree of automation, practicability and applied range are improved. Also, a lightning information system plan of the national network has been implemented, which services the whole society.     

玛曲县格尔柯金矿床控矿地质条件及其矿床成因探讨

格尔柯金矿 (即大水金矿 )是产于西秦岭南带西倾山—迭山逆冲褶断带南缘的特大型金矿。矿床控矿地质条件为构造单元界断裂带、深源浅成花岗闪长斑岩小侵入体、下三叠统马热松多组 (T1m)碳酸盐岩沉积建造 ,与金矿关系密切的矿化蚀变有硅化、赤铁矿化、褐铁矿化和方解石化 ;矿床成因类型为层控—热水溶滤构造蚀变岩型。     

济南东部岩溶水有机污染健康风险评价

近年来,济南岩溶水有机污染越来越突出,为了探究济南岩溶水有机污染对居民健康造成的影响,保障饮用水安全,该文在系统分析研究区水文地质条件的基础上,采用USEPA推荐的健康风险评价模型,根据实际采样测试数据,分析评价了济南东部3处岩溶水井点的有机污染对其范围内暴露人群造成的健康风险。结果表明:检出的主要有机污染物为三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯。3个水井的有机污染非致癌风险未超过限值1,在可接受的范围内,四氯化碳的非致癌风险所占比例最大,为89.85%; 3个采样点有机污染致癌风险,超出了其可接受水平的最小限制10-6,但均未超出可接受的致癌风险的最大限制10-4,风险指数均在10-6~5.0×10-5之间,应该引起关注,产生致癌风险的主要污染物为三氯乙烯。有机污染非致癌风险和致癌风险的主要暴露途径为呼吸吸入,其次是饮水吸收,皮肤接触暴露途径风险值最小。     

肯尼亚Anza盆地东南部重力场及构造特征

肯尼亚Anza盆地东南部地处东非裂谷系，发育了巨厚的中—新生界沉积盖层。然而，该区域勘探程度较低，制约了对其构造体系的认识及油气勘探潜力的评价。文章基于研究区的重力异常数据，针对其构造特征的认识进行了数据处理及解释。研究结果表明，受中非剪切带右旋剪切应力的影响，研究区发育规模较大的北西向基底断裂和规模较小的北东向盖层断裂，且北东向断裂切断北西向断裂；基底深度差异大，总体呈"两凹夹一隆"的特征，凹陷区沉积了巨厚的中—新生界盖层；受北西向拉张断裂和沿构造软弱带发育的北东向断裂的控制，研究区划分为东部凹陷、中部凸起、南部隆起和西部凹陷4个构造单元，呈现"东西分带、南北分块"的构造格局。      

珠江河口区盐度变化周期特征分析——以磨刀门水道为例

珠江河口区具有三江汇流、八门入海的复杂河网,水动力条件存在多种不确定性,加之河口区水资源系统受快速城市化、河口挖沙与河道整治、上游水利工程调度、海平面上升等多重因素影响,盐水入侵现象异常复杂。选取磨刀门水道广昌站近10年来（2001―2011年）枯水期逐日及逐时盐度序列,应用小波分析方法,研究了珠江河口区―磨刀门水道盐度序列多时间尺度周期特征。研究结果表明：磨刀门水道盐度变化周期特征与潮汐周期特征一致,存在明显的日周期（24.6 h）、半月周期（14.8 d）及不明显的半日周期（12.3 h）、月周期（30 d）。