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101.
Santa Monica Bay is an open coastal embayment located directly seaward of Los Angeles, California. The Bay provides vital economic value through its water-dependent activities, such as swimming, diving, boating, and fishing. An increase from 100,000 residents in 1900 to 10 million in 2000 has imposed numerous environmental stressors on the Bay, including urbanization of the watershed. Pollutant discharges into the Bay increased throughout the early part of the century, but declined following passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972. Since that time, the predominant source of pollutant inputs has changed from point sources to non-point urban runoff. To assess how present-day and historical pollution interact to affect the environmental quality of Santa Monica Bay, three organizations collaborated on a multi-disciplinary study in 1997, towards which this volume is focused. This paper details the temporal patterns of anthropogenic influence on Santa Monica Bay to provide context for the papers that follow. 相似文献
102.
103.
利用雷电定位系统进行电网雷击故障快速查询(英文) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
At present, lightning is one of the 10 natural disasters, and it is also the top environmental factor of power interruption. It often causes huge losses to the electric system. The Wuhan High Voltage Institute of the State Grid Corporation of China and Huazhong University of Science and Technology have been researching and developing lightning location systems (LLSs) since the late 1980s. In the mid-1990s, a lightning detection network was created in 29 provinces and cities in China. It is primarily applied to rapidly find lightning accidents, which greatly reduces power interruption. Also, it ensures high efficiency and safe operation of the electricity system. Remarkable benefit is achieved. China's LLS went through an "orientation positioning - time difference positioning - integrated positioning" development process. The positioning precision, detection efficiency, degree of automation, practicability and applied range are improved. Also, a lightning information system plan of the national network has been implemented, which services the whole society. 相似文献
104.
镇泾地区延长组河流相砂体分布与圈闭形成的关系研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾地区侏罗系地层以三角洲-湖泊沉积体系为主,研究区范围内主要发育主河道和部分分流河道砂体。研究区构造平缓,主要为单斜地层、在东南部存在大型鼻状构造。通过对主要储层段(长6、8油层组)砂体分布及与构造之间关系进行研究,分析砂体走向与构造线方向的关系认为在构造单斜地区,当两者相交时(交角β≠0)是形成圈闭的关键因素之一,在大型鼻状构造地区因构造线的弯曲与河道砂体组合可以形成圈闭。根据研究区砂体分布和构造线组合出4种地层-岩性及岩性圈闭。利用构造图与砂体分布图对主要储层段存在的圈闭确定出长6、8油层组10个层圈闭。 相似文献
105.
106.
107.
Ben K. H. Soon Steve Scheding Hyung-Kuen Lee Hung-Kyu Lee Hugh Durrant-Whyte 《GPS Solutions》2008,12(4):261-271
This paper presents a simple and effective approach that incorporates single-frequency, L1 time-differenced GPS carrier phase
(TDCP) measurements without the need of ambiguity resolution techniques and the complexity to accommodate the delayed-state
terms. Static trial results are included to illustrate the stochastic characteristics and effectiveness of the TDCP measurements
in controlling position error growth. The formulation of the TDCP observation model is also described in a 17-state tightly-coupled
GPS/INS iterative, extended Kalman filter (IEKF) approach. Preliminary land vehicle trial results are also presented to illustrate
the effectiveness of the TDCP which provides sub-meter positional accuracies when operating for more than 10 min. 相似文献
108.
软弱夹层几何参数对试样力学行为影响颗粒元模拟研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
基于离散元理论的颗粒元程序,采用颗粒接触连接模型和滑动模型,建立了含软弱夹层试样的颗粒元模型。通过数值模型实验,对不同软弱夹层几何参数试样进行加载模拟,探讨了不同夹层厚度及不同倾角条件下试样的破坏过程和破坏形式,并分析其对试样强度的影响。模拟结果表明,裂隙首先产生于软弱夹层处,随着荷载的增加,再逐渐扩展,呈现渐进性破坏特征;夹层越厚,倾角越大,试样沿软弱夹层呈现较强的滑动特征,如果夹层薄且缓,软弱夹层成为试样破坏的非控制因素;软弱夹层厚度和夹角对试样的峰值强度都有影响,随软弱夹层厚度和夹角的增大,试样的峰值强度降低。 相似文献
109.
110.
Many Gulf of Mexico estuaries have low ratios of water volume to bottom surface area, and benthic processes in these systems
likely have a major influence on system structure and function. The purpose of this study was to determine the spatiotemporal
distribution of biomass and community composition of subtidal benthic microalgal (BMA) communities in Galveston Bay, TX, USA,
compare BMA community composition and biomass to phytoplankton in overlying waters, and estimate the potential contribution
of BMA to the trophodynamics in this shallow, turbid, subtropical estuary. The estimates of BMA biomass (mean = 4.21 mg Chl
a m−2) for Galveston Bay were within the range of the reported values for similar Gulf of Mexico estuaries. BMA biomass in the
central part of the bay was essentially homogeneous, whereas biomass at the seaward and upper bay ends of the transect were
significantly lower. Peridinin, fucoxanthin, and alloxanthin were the three carotenoids with the highest concentrations, with
fucoxanthin having the highest mean concentration (1.82 mg m−2). The seaward and landward ends of the transect differed from the central region of the bay with respect to the relative
abundances of chlorophytes, cyanobacteria, and photosynthetic bacteria. Benthic microalgal community composition also showed
a gradual shift over time due to changes in the relative abundances of photosynthetic bacteria, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates,
and cyanobacteria. Major changes in community composition occurred in the spring months (March to April). On an areal basis,
BMA biomass in Galveston Bay occurred at minor concentrations (16.5%) relative to phytoplankton. Furthermore, the concentrations
of carotenoid pigments for phytoplankton and BMA (fucoxanthin, alloxanthin, and zeaxanthin) were correlated (r = 0.48 to 0.61), suggesting a close linkage between microalgae in the water column and sediments. The contribution of BMA
to the primary productivity of the deeper waters (>2 m) of Galveston Bay is probably very small in comparison to shallower
waters along the bay margins. The significant similarities in the community composition of phytoplankton and BMA illustrate
the potential importance of deposition and resuspension processes in this turbid, shallow estuary. 相似文献