青藏高原壳幔结构构造的基本特征

青藏高原是新生代以来由于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞而迅速隆起,平均海拔超过4000 m的高原,是研究碰撞过程和形成演化的理想窗口。有关青藏高原的碰撞过程及印度板块岩石圈北缘界线,至今仍然存在较大争议,这可能主要是由于不同研究方法获得认识的差异性和局限性所导致。基于此,本文利用前人深部结构资料,讨论了高原岩石圈的壳幔构造及物质组成等,并从新的地质视角讨论了班怒带的大地构造属性。通过梳理前人的深部结构资料,认为青藏高原的壳幔岩石圈结构较为复杂,如高原内部岩石圈厚度显著大于周缘地区,中下地壳及上地幔广泛分布着低速高导层,这些特殊的地质地球物理结构是印亚板块碰撞的结果。此外,本文进一步对比分析了班怒带的地质与地球物理结构,揭示该构造带两侧存在显著的差异,认为其是印度岩石圈的北缘,这对于认识青藏高原的形成演化具有重要的意义。     

输电线路激光扫描数据质量检查与快速分析

针对输电线路激光扫描数据质量检查工作量大、效率低、输电通道安全距离快速分析时效慢等问题,本文提出一套激光数据质量检查与快速分析方法.根据输电线路激光点云数据特点,开发工具对数据进行自动化检查;利用自动化检查的数据,对点云数据进行快速自动/人工交互分类,基于快速分类数据进行安全距离快速分析,为运维单位提供隐患报告.实验结...     

Mixing of event and pre‐event water in a shallow Entisol in sloping farmland based on isotopic and hydrometric measurements,SW China

Water percolation and flow processes in subsurface geologic media play an important role in determining the water source for plants and the transport of contaminants or nutrients, which is essential for water resource management and the development of measures for pollution mitigation. During June 2013, the dynamics of the rainwater, soil water, subsurface flows and groundwater in a shallow Entisol on sloping farmland were monitored using a hydrometric and isotopic approach. The results showed that effective mixing of rainwater and soil water occurred in hours. The rebound phenomenon of δD profiles in soils showed that most isotope‐depleted rainwater largely bypassed the soil matrix when the water saturation in the soil was high. Preferential‐flow, which was the dominant water movement pattern in the vadose zone, occurred through the whole soil profile, and infrequent piston‐flow was mainly found at 20–40 cm in depth. The interflow in the soil layer, composed of 75.2% rainwater, was only generated when the soil profile had been saturated. Underflow in the fractured mudrock was the dominant flow type in this hillslope, and outflow was dominated by base flow (groundwater flow) with a mean contribution of 76.7%. The generation mechanism of underflow was groundwater ridging, which was superimposed upon preferential‐flow composed mainly of rainwater. The quick mixing process of rainwater and soil water and the rapid movement of the mixture through preferential channels in the study soil, which shows a typical bimodal pore size distribution, can explain the prompt release of pre‐event water in subsurface flow. Water sources of subsurface flows at peak discharge could be affected by the antecedent soil water content, rain characteristics and antecedent groundwater levels. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

走滑活动断裂带断错冲沟变形角特征及其构造意义初探

阐述了通过走滑活动断裂断错冲沟形成变形角研究冲沟形成年代,进而探讨断裂活动特征的方法。并以天桥沟－黄羊川断裂东段为例,对变形角大小和冲沟形成年代及冲沟水平断错距之间的关系进行了探讨,结果表明它们之间关系密切。最后论述了变形角用于走滑活动断裂研究的可能性及意义。     

Characteristics of inorganic ions in precipitation at different altitudes in the Yulong Snow Mountain, China

The present study investigated the chemical composition of summer precipitation at different altitudes in Yulong Snow Mountain, hoping to obtain some basic information about the chemical characteristics of precipitation. A couple of precipitation samples at different altitudes in the Yulong Snow Mountain area in southeastern China were collected from July 26 to July 31, 2005 for chemical analyses. Sea-salt tracer analysis showed that Cl^? and Na⁺ had high proportion from marine sources, while the other ions mainly were from non-marine sources. Statistics showed that the cation concentrations ranged from 0.51 to 5.26 mg L^?1 and anion concentrations ranged from 0.99 to 4.90 mg L^?1. Further analysis showed that terrestrial ions, especially from the proximal terrestrial sources, largely affected the ion concentrations in precipitation. Ion concentrations of precipitation were correlated significantly with local atmospheric circulation at altitude 2,950–4,800 m, and also correlated closely with human activities at altitude 2,400–2,950 m. Limestone, the majority of local rocks, caused high cation concentrations in precipitation, such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. The majority of vapors in the region came from the Indian Ocean whereas parts came from the eastern Pacific. The inorganic ions in precipitation increased significantly in the Yulong Snow Mountain area during this century. Compared with most of the high altitude Mountains in China, the precipitations in the Yulong Snow Mountain area had higher concentrations of inorganic ions and low acidic ion concentrations. The conclusions can provide a basis for study of regional climate characteristics, environment and ecological characteristics of Yulong Snow Mountain area.     

承德市富硒土壤区镉的地球化学特征及生态风险评价

硒是人体必需的生命元素,开发富硒农产品是提升人体硒摄入的安全有效途径,富硒土地资源是开发富硒农产品的基础。然而,近年来全国开展的多目标地球化学调查发现,富硒土壤中重金属元素镉通常较高,不利于富硒土地开发利用,因此,研究富硒土壤区镉的地球化学特征和生态风险状况对于富硒土地开发具有重要的指导意义。文章对承德市富硒土壤区表层土壤中主要的重金属元素镉的地球化学特征及生态风险进行评价,旨在为承德市富硒土地开发利用提供科学依据。采用“七步提取法”研究了表层土壤镉的形态特征。同时,配套分析了苹果、玉米样品中的重金属元素镉的含量,以了解其生物有效性。结果显示：承德市富硒土壤区表层土壤镉在全区均较富集,在新积土和中性粗骨土、水田中显著富集。研究区圈定了4处镉轻度污染土壤,均在表层土壤镉的高值区。表层土壤镉形态平均含量大小顺序为：水溶态 < 离子交换态 < 强有机结合态 < 腐殖酸结合态 < 铁锰氧化物结合态 < 碳酸盐结合态 < 残渣态,生态风险相对较低。表层土壤镉未对苹果和玉米样品产生影响,苹果和玉米中镉均不超标。承德市富硒土壤区表层土壤镉的生态风险较低,暂不影响承德市富硒土地开发利用。     

北京快速更新循环预报系统（BJ-RUC）要素预报质量评估

使用自动站观测资料对BJ-RUC系统预报的北京15个观测站的逐时2 m温度、相对湿度、1小时降水量和风速等地面要素质量进行检验评估。结果表明：BJ-RUC系统预报的2 m温度、相对湿度和风速与实况具有一致的变化趋势,但各要素的预报性能不尽相同。结果表明：（1）对于2 m温度的预报,±1℃误差的准确率为0.2～0.5,±2℃误差的准确率更高;预报性能与预报时效无明显关系;温度预报准确性与季节和日变化有关,春、秋季优于冬、夏季,夜间优于白天。（2）对相对湿度的预报整体偏低,夏季白天偏低、冬季白天偏高。（3）对1小时降水的预报,无论全年还是夏季,晴雨预报准确率很高;对0.1 mm降水的TS评分在0.2左右。（4）对不同站点的预报性能存在明显差异。对平原地区,即海拔高度较低的站点预报性能相对较好,15个站点中,对北京的代表站点（南郊观象台）的预报最为准确;对山区站点的预报性能相对较差,对海拔最高的延庆站的预报性能最差。总体来说,BJ RUC对站点要素预报的变化趋势较好,预报准确率较高,具有很好的参考价值,但要素预报与季节、日变化及海拔高度等因素有关.具体应用时还需做适当订正。     

Numerical Observation of Three-Dimensional Wing Cracking of Cracked Chevron Notched Brazilian Disc Rock Specimen Subjected to Mixed Mode Loading

The cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc (CCNBD) specimen has been suggested by International Society for Rock Mechanics for measuring mode I fracture toughness of rocks. Subsequently, this specimen geometry has been widely extended to conduct mixed mode fracture tests on rocks as well. A straight through crack front during the fracturing process upon the root of the chevron notch is assumed in the testing principle, but has never been thoroughly evaluated before. In this study, for the first time, the progressive rock fracture mechanism of the CCNBD rock specimen under mixed mode loading is numerically simulated. Specimens under representative mixed mode loading angles are modelled; and the assumption of the straight through crack front growth is critically assessed. The results show that not only the notch tip but also the saw-cut chevron notch cracks during the experiments, yielding a prominent twisted front, far from being straight. The crack front never grows up to the root of the notch ligament and the straight through crack front assumption is never satisfied in the realistic rock fracture progress of this chevron notched specimen subjected to mixed mode loads. In contrast, the fracture progress features typical three-dimensional wing cracking towards the loading ends. The numerically observed progressive fracture mechanism reveals that the measuring principle of mixed mode fracture tests employing CCNBD specimens is significantly violated and the measures of both modes I and II fracture toughness are uncertain.