The challenges of integrating explainable artificial intelligence into GeoAI

Although explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) promises considerable progress in glassboxing deep learning models, there are challenges in applying XAI to geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI), specifically geospatial deep neural networks (DNNs). We summarize these as three major challenges, related generally to XAI computation, to GeoAI and geographic data handling, and to geosocial issues. XAI computation includes the difficulty of selecting reference data/models and the shortcomings of attributing explanatory power to gradients, as well as the difficulty in accommodating geographic scale, geovisualization, and underlying geographic data structures. Geosocial challenges encompass the limitations of knowledge scope—semantics and ontologies—in the explanation of GeoAI as well as the lack of integrating non-technical aspects in XAI, including processes that are not amenable to XAI. We illustrate these issues with a land use classification case study.     

美国内政部四轮战略规划的发展趋势及特点分析

美国内政部的战略规划是该部施政纲领的集中体现。四轮战略规划的目标从2003年强调资源保护、利用与休闲娱乐的平衡,到2007年增加全球经济、环境、政治和其他因素对内政部战略规划的影响,直至2014年强调资源的娱乐、人文观赏价值,并重视培养下一代的管理责任。内政部战略定位逐渐清晰。资源保护、经济发展、休闲娱乐的相对关系发生变化,从强调三者平衡到强调资源的休闲、文化等景观价值。     

无锡市水利普查成果展示系统的设计与实现

全国第一次水利普查完成数据成果汇总后,成果展示及开发应用相即展开。无锡市水利局结合自身工作及管理需要,构建了完善且适合本地需要的水利空间成果库和属性库,以地理信息技术为支撑,实现了无锡市水利普查成果"一张图"展示。无锡市水利普查成果展示系统建设以水利管理部门需求为依托,分析各项管理工作对地理信息系统提出的功能需求,系统实现对无锡市河湖水系、水利设施等进行定位、搜索、属性信息存取与分析处理等。使水利普查成果成为动态服务地图,既方便使用者查看,也便于分析水利要素周围情况及合理性,同时为水利管理工作人员规划决策提供依据。本系统将无锡市水利普查成果应用到实际工作中,为无锡市水利信息化服务,使水利普查成果为民所用。     

GPS现代化后L2C的信号质量分析

分析了L2C码的主要作用,比较了GPS现代化后L2载波信噪比的变化特点,阐述了伪距观测值的噪声水平。     

Changes in timber haul emissions in the context of shifting forest management and infrastructure

Background  

Although significant amounts of carbon may be stored in harvested wood products, the extraction of that carbon from the forest generally entails combustion of fossil fuels. The transport of timber from the forest to primary milling facilities may in particular create emissions that reduce the net sequestration value of product carbon storage. However, attempts to quantify the effects of transport on the net effects of forest management typically use relatively sparse survey data to determine transportation emission factors. We developed an approach for systematically determining transport emissions using: 1) -remotely sensed maps to estimate the spatial distribution of harvests, and 2) - industry data to determine landscape-level harvest volumes as well as the location and processing totals of individual mills. These data support spatial network analysis that can produce estimates of fossil carbon released in timber transport.     

Using gravity and topography-implied anomalies to assess data requirements for precise geoid computation

Many regions around the world require improved gravimetric data bases to support very accurate geoid modeling for the modernization of height systems using GPS. We present a simple yet effective method to assess gravity data requirements, particularly the necessary resolution, for a desired precision in geoid computation. The approach is based on simulating high-resolution gravimetry using a topography-correlated model that is adjusted to be consistent with an existing network of gravity data. Analysis of these adjusted, simulated data through Stokes’s integral indicates where existing gravity data must be supplemented by new surveys in order to achieve an acceptable level of omission error in the geoid undulation. The simulated model can equally be used to analyze commission error, as well as model error and data inconsistencies to a limited extent. The proposed method is applied to South Korea and shows clearly where existing gravity data are too scarce for precise geoid computation.     

二次土地调查中部分技术问题解决方法的探讨

通过土地利用更新调查与第二次土地调查在调查技术手段方面存在的主要差异对比,发现影像套合会使调查结果产生严重的误差。结合这几年从事土地利用更新调查工作经验,提出了差分校正法,不仅有效地解决了影像套合所带来的误差,还缩短了工作周期,提高了效率。     

基于GIS技术的耕地坡度分级方法

分析传统耕地坡度分级方法的缺陷,提出利用GIS技术的耕地坡度分级新方法。以枝江市董市镇为例实证,研究制定定量融合指标和工作流程,不仅有效地控制了耕地图斑的数量,而且确保利用耕地坡度分级数据统计汇总的各耕地坡度级面积数据与真实值基本一致,提高了汇总面积数据的精度。     

利用MapObjects的空间分析功能判断空间线面拓扑关系

MapObjects是广泛应用于GIS软件开发的组件,但它不能够独立支持空间拓扑关系,从而限制了它在空间分析方面的应用。为拓展MapObjects的空间分析功能,本文利用它提供的对图形对象的操作方法,实现了对九交模型中的空间线面拓扑关系的判断,且结果表明本文的实现方法正确可靠,具有一定的实用价值。     

非平行结构建筑化简方法的探讨

平行结构建筑是3维城市中建筑的主体,随着建筑风格的多元化,非平行结构建筑所占的比重越来越大,因此必须对其多尺度表达的方法进行研究.此处根据复杂程度的不同将建筑分为简单建筑和特殊建筑两类.在简单建筑的化筒中,首先讨论了倾斜房顶的几何表示方法,在此基础上建立了房顶的关系信息,采用成组处理与斜面的扯直拉平算法相结合的方式实现了简单建筑的化简.在分析复杂建筑倾斜面结构特点的基础上设计了适于复杂建筑的化简方法,并针对两类典型建筑进行了实验.