需水管理的定义与内涵

水资源是基础性的自然资源和战略性的经济资源,是生态与环境的控制性要素.中国人均占有水资源量少,不足2200m3,不足世界人均占有量的1/3.水资源时空分布极为不均,特别是在全球气候变化和大规模经济开发双重因素的交织作用下,中国水资源情势正在发生新的变化.在水资源管理理念上,要加快从供水管理向需水管理转变.为使人们对需水管理有比较全面和深刻的认识,部分专家和学者从各种角度论述了"需水管理"的定义和内涵,认为,需水管理是面向包括人类与自然在内所有用水户的水资源供需平衡的全方位而有序的管理系统工程,对各方面的需水,采取行政、经济、法律和技术等手段和措施,对水资源供需进行平衡与协调,遏制不合理用水需求,提高用水效率和效益,减少水资源短缺对人类社会的威胁,确保水资源可持续利用.简言之,需水管理意为以供定需,供需协调,人水和谐,持续利用.     

黄骅坳陷港西开发区新近系明化镇组沉积微相三维建模

本文以黄骅坳陷港西开发区为例，探讨在油田开发阶段，如何通过密井网区沉积微相定量几何学数据对新近系明化镇组沉积环境相似的稀井网区进行沉积微相三维建模的方法。密井网区研究表明，港西开发区河流相的单河道砂体宽度约50-300 m，一般为100-200 m，厚度约5-15 m，一般为6-10 m；漫溢砂体长、宽一般小于200 m；砂体结构主要为迷宫状和拼合板状两种型式。应用密井网区沉积微相定量几何学数据，采用标点过程方法，对井网较稀的目标研究区进行了三维沉积微相建模研究，并取得了良好的应用效果。     

波阻抗反演正则参数估计

为了解决用正则化方法能够将波阻抗反演的病态问题转为良态问题,通过统计方法合理地选择正则参数的初值,在反演过程中用极大似然（ML）方法实时进行正则参数值估计,提高反演收敛速度,改善反演结果。同时,在具体反演中将正则化方法与快速模拟退火算法相结合,充分发挥正则参数作用,可以获得全局最优解,取得了好的实际应用效果。     

Migration of Some Elements and Radionuclides across aGranite-Granite Contact Zone: A Natural Analoguefor Safe Disposal of High-Level Radwastes

Elements and natural radionuclides in the contact zone of two granites with different ages would migrate from one to the other because of the difference in their chemical contents and later water-rock interactions. This migration could serve as an analogue for the near-field process of radwastes in a high-level radwaste deep geological disposal repository.In the contact between the Indosinian granite (whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron age at 214@3 Ma) and Hercynian granite (zircon U-Pb isochron age at 296@31 Ma) located in Ziyuan County, Guangxi, the O and Pb isotope characteristics and the activity ratios of 234U/238U, 230Th/238U, 230Th/234U and 226Ra/230Th show that, based on the whole-rock chemical contents, both of the two granites have maintained a relatively open chemical system in their evolution processes. However, as there is no obvious open fault, the migration of major elements, trace elements and natural U-series nu-clides takes place within only 1-2 m in the contact zone, and water-rock interaction     

The Shengli I Point Bar on the Yellow River Delta: Three-Dimensional Structures and Their Evolution

Point bars are well developed on the Yellow River delta, among which the Shengli I point bar is the most typical. The point bar, being about 4 km in length and several tens to more than 100 meters in width, is located on the south side of the Shengli Bridge in Kenli County, Dongying, Shandong. It is a typical fine-grained point bar with silt, which is predominant, some clay and minor plant debris and clay boulders. The Shengli I point bar has complicated 3-D structures. Firstly, in a plane view, it comprises mainly eight sedimentary units, bar edge, bar ridge, bar platform, bar plain, bar channel, bar gully, bar pond and bar bay, developing side by side and superimposed one by one in a complex way. Secondly, its vertical structures are very complex due to the partial superimposition of the 8 sedimentary units. Besides hydatogenesis, very intensive wind erosion, eolian, ice and meltwater actions are also visible on the Shengli I point bar. The complex form is made even more complicated because of the abo     

黑河流域水资源合理开发利用的研究

黑河流域是我国干旱区一个较大的内陆河流域,集水面积约13万平方公里,主流长821公里,发源于祁连山,穿越河西走廊,流泄于内蒙古西部高原。本文对黑河流域水资源、土地资源、草场资源的数显和质量进行评价。同时分析了流域水资源潜力及开发利用引起的环境变化。指出目前水资源开发已影响到中游绿洲建设规模和下游绿的安全。研究认为现阶段水资源开发利用应使经济发展和保护环境两者之间的关系相协调。实行以流域为整体的开发,采取有效的工程措施,加强中、下游水资源利用的宏观控制与管理,实行分区定量分配和综合治理,从而提高流域水资源利用的经济、环境和社会效益。     

Seawater Intrusion in the Longkou-Laizhou Area, Shandong

The extensive intrusion (covering an area of 83.7-238.3 km~2 and accounting for 18.6-31.5% of the total area of the plain), the presence of a transitional zone 1.5-6.0 km in width, and the interconnection in distribution between the seawater intrusion district and the region lower than the sea level caused by the strong drop of the groundwater level are major characteristics of the seawater intrusion in the study area. Cation exchange played an important role during the formation of chemical composition of the groundwater in the seawater intrusion district.     

Nonlinear Analysis of Nearshore Wave Height Variation Due to Shoaling

Wave formulae derived from the dispersion relation for cnoidal waves are used to find an analytical solution to the problem of nearshore wave height variation on a simple topography, i. e., with an incrementally constant slope. The solution accounts for shoaling, frictional dissipation and will be sufficiently accurate for practical purposes considering the simplified assumptions which are necessary for the treatment of this problem by any method.     

河北平山小觉地区阜平岩群中三种岩类深熔现象的岩相学特征

深熔作用(Anatexis)引起了地壳内部固体物质的重溶与熔融和进一步的初始花岗质岩浆的形成。本文主要从岩相学角度对河北平山阜平岩群3种主要变质岩类中一部分岩石在薄片中所显示的初期深熔特征进行了报道,提出识别深熔作用发生发展初期的一些岩相学标志,为相应的理论探讨提供岩相学方面的依据。区域变质岩石初始深熔的共同特征之一是不同矿物粒度都较相应的同类变质岩石为粗。由于经历粒间流体作用的重溶、溶蚀乃至再度晶出的过程,长英质岩石中长石、石英等矿物改变为具有弯曲、波纹状外形的缝合线结构,而“铰链状结构”的形成则是两微斜长石颗粒之间出现钠交代的结果。深熔作用过程中微斜长石显示出不均匀的光性特征,形成具交代成因的条纹长石细脉和条痕;斜长石出现不规则长方形和补丁状的微斜长石反条纹长石,显示“糟化”或绢云母化,或存在不同程度的“暗化”区域,也可转变成为纤维状至细柱状夕线石,沿斜长石中的一些细小裂纹和遭受应变的解理还出现几乎不透明的物质,它们可能原由深熔作用所形成,可称之为“网格状结构”;黑云母可部分地发生分解,在适当的温压条件下则完全分解,形成原可能为熔体的物质,也可转变成为纤维状至细柱状夕线石;角闪石存在一定程度的“暗化”,并形成与斜长石中所见类似的“网     

Experimental Study on Rectangular Floating Breakwaters

This paper proposes ten types of improved floating breakwaters for experiment with regular waves, based on the experience in the development and manufacture of existing floating breakwaters both at home and abroad, and on the results of experimental studies on the hydraulic characteristics of several types of floating breakwaters. The wave heights before and behind the breakwaters are measured, the movements of floating breakwaters are observed and the chain forces of the floating breakwaters are measured. The paper studies and compares the hydraulic characteristics of the improved rectangular floating breakwaters of which the internal and external structures and their installation methods are changed. Finally the optimal type of structure is selected through experiments.