松潘-甘孜南部放马坪-三岩龙花岗岩的成因及其构造意义

松潘-甘孜造山带内广泛出露印支期花岗岩类,目前对该区印支期花岗岩的研究主要集中于东部、中部地区,南部地区的研究相对较少.放马坪-三岩龙花岗质杂岩体位于松潘-甘孜造山带南部的九龙地区,根据主微量元素特征的不同可被划分为两大类:第一类具有C型埃达克岩的特征,Sr＞541×10,Y＜12.4×10～,Sr/Y＞55,轻重稀土...     

Implications of dredging induced changes in sediment particle size composition for the structure and function of marine benthic macrofaunal communities

A meta-analysis approach was used to assess the effect of dredging induced changes in sediment composition, under different conditions of natural physical disturbance, for the structure and function of marine benthic macrofaunal communities. Results showed the sensitivity of macrofaunal communities increased as both the proportion of gravel increased and the level of natural physical disturbance decreased. These findings may be explained by the close association of certain taxa with the gravel fraction, and the influence of natural physical disturbance which, as it increases, tends to restrict the colonisation by these species. We conclude that maintaining the gravel content of surface sediments after dredging and, where practicable, locating extraction sites in areas of higher natural disturbance will minimise the potential for long-term negative impacts on the macrofauna.     

青藏高原东边缘冕宁—宜宾剖面电性结构及高导层的地质意义

约50Ma前印度板块与欧亚板块开始碰撞之后,青藏高原发生了令人瞩目的整体隆升,成为晚第三纪以来亚洲乃至全球最为重要的地质事件,并使青藏高原成为大陆岩石圈变形最为强烈的地区之一,是全球学者研究大陆动力学乃至地球动力学的焦点和热点地区。由于印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞以及组成青藏高原各地块向东和东南的挤出运动,位于青藏高原东边缘大凉山地块及其附近地区具有明显的高原和盆地之间的过渡带特征,地壳变形严重,地壳厚度变化剧烈,并且是重力梯度带和航磁异常明显的地区,也是（GPS）资料显示的地壳运动方向由东向东南发生转变的关键地段。本区不仅蕴藏有丰富的金属矿等矿产资源,也是我国强烈地震最为频繁的地区之一。     

Fractal models for estimating local reserves with different mineralization qualities and spatial variations

The concentration-area model, one of the widely applied fractal models, is utilized to describe the spatial distribution of mineralization variables, i.e., orebody thickness and grade-thickness. And based on the concentration-area model, a new fractal model for reserve estimation (abbreviated as FMRE-CA) is established. Via the demarcation values obtained in the concentration-area model, the orebody is spatially divided into several parts with different value ranges and spatial variation of mineralization variable. Based on the FMRE-CA, the local ore reserves in the parts are estimated, and the global reserve is obtained by addition of the local reserves. In the FMRE-CA, the spatial variation of the mineralization variable in a local reserve is characterized by a fractal dimension, and a greater fractal dimension denotes a more variation. Compared to traditional reserve estimations based on discrete and linear functions, the FMRE-CA is established via continuous and nonlinear function, and it is easier in calculation process and different in the way in which the local reserves are delimitated. Compared to another fractal model for reserve estimation based on number-size model (abbreviated as FMRE-NS), the FMRE-CA is capable of estimating the local reserves. A gold orebody in Southwest Yunnan and two bauxite orebodies in Western Guangxi, China, are selected for case study. In the case study, the global reserve calculated via the FMRE-CA and those derived from the FMRE-NS and traditional geometric block method are analogous.     

The Wan-An fault and its relationship with the Wan-An Basin, western South China Sea

The Wan An Basin, a major basin located in the southwestern part of the South China Sea, is suggested to be closely related to the extrusion of the Indo-China Block. But the published documentation about the Wan An Basin is very sparse. High-resolution seismic reflection profiles obtained by the petroleum industry along the southwestern margin of the South China Sea provide us a chance to study the characteristics of the Wan-An fault and its relationship to the Wan-An Basin. The Wan-An Fault staggered strata in the Wan-An Basin and formed negative flower structures. The deformation related to the Wan-An fault is localized along the fault, while the strata away from the strike-slip fault were not affected. The characteristics of strike-slip extensional basin are not obvious in the Wan-An Basin. However, this basin has obvious characteristics of rift basin. Initial analysis shows that the Wan-An Basin should be a continental margin rift basin.     

Spatial characteristics of surface water quality in the Haicheng River (Liao River basin) in Northeast China

Spatial variations of the water quality in the Haicheng River during April and October 2009 were evaluated for the national monitoring program on water pollution control and treatment in China. The spatial autocorrelation analysis with lower Moran’s I values displayed the spatial heterogeneity of the 12 physicochemical parameters among all the sampling sites of the river. The one-way ANOVA showed that all variables at different sampling sites had significant spatial differences (p < 0.01). Based on the similarity of water quality characteristics, cluster analysis grouped the 20 sampling sites into three clusters, related with less polluted, moderately polluted and highly polluted sites. The factor analysis extracted three major factors explaining 76.4 % of the total variance in the water quality data set, i.e., integrated pollution factor, nitrogen pollution factor and physical factor. The results revealed that the river has been severely polluted by organic matter and nitrogen. The major sources leading to water quality deterioration are complex and ascribed to anthropogenic activities, e.g., domestic and industrial wastewater discharges, agricultural runoff, and animal rearing practices.     

Application of the chemometric approach to evaluate the spatial variation of water chemistry and the identification of the sources of pollution in Langat River, Malaysia

The current study presents the application of selected chemometric techniques—hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA)—to evaluate the spatial variation of the water chemistry and to classify the pollution sources in the Langat River. The HCA rendered the sampling stations into two clusters (group 1 and group 2) and identified the vulnerable stations that are under threat. Group1 (LY 1 to LY 14) is associated with seawater intrusion, while group 2 (LY 15 to LY 30) is associated with agricultural and industrial pollution. PCA analysis was applied to the water datasets for group 1 resulting in four components, which explained 85 % of the total variance while group 2 extracted six components, explaining 88 % of the variance. The components obtained from PCA indicated that seawater intrusion, agricultural and industrial pollution, and geological weathering were potential sources of pollution to the study area. This study demonstrated the usefulness of the chemometric techniques on the interpretation of large complex datasets for the effective management of water resources.     

The Effect of Groundwater Allocation on Economic Welfare Loss

Water scarcity has become a constraint for regional economic development in many cities and regions. Water rationing serves as one instrument to constrain water consumption to persuade users to save water and to moderate their consumption. When the supply of water is unable to satisfy demand, a loss of welfare for the water users will usually occur. This paper conducts an empirical case study on a Chicago suburban county, McHenry County, to evaluate effective water allocation strategies under possible water scarcity scenarios, by specifically taking into consideration of the economic welfare loss under water rationing. It points out the inefficiency of equal rationing and tests a more effective optimal rationing regime which could significantly lower the overall welfare loss for McHenry County. Instead of a conventional watershed‐based approach that would provide little advantage for an area that mostly relies on groundwater, this study adopts regional planning/political boundaries as its spatial analytical units. The outcomes suggest that municipality‐level water resources management models, powered under economic welfare objective functions, are both possible and practical. The planning strategy drawn under such optimization models suggests a variety of promising approaches to manage groundwater resources at county scales.     

A numerical study on the occurrence of flowing wells in the discharge area of basins due to the upward hydraulic gradient induced wellbore flow

The occurrence of flowing wells in basins has been found to be closely related to the discharge area with an upward hydraulic gradient. Unfortunately, previous studies on upward gradient induced wellbore flow with equaling total inflow (Q_in) in the deep and total outflow (Q_out) in the shallow could not explain the occurrence of flowing wells. By representing wells using the MNW2 Package imbedded in MODFLOW 2005, we obtain the exchange of groundwater between the aquifer and the well in the discharge area of 3D unit basins and identify three scenarios: Q_in = Q_out, Q_in > Q_out > 0 and Q_in > Q_out = 0. The relationship of Q_in > Q_out well explains why flowing wells only develop in a limited part of the discharge area. Sensitivity analysis shows that well location, water table undulation, and basin length–depth ratio do not change the profile of the ratio of cumulative flow rate in a flowing well to total inflow (Q_v/Q_in) versus the relative elevation in the inflow segment, z_in*, but could significantly change the length of the inflow segment; well depth could change both the length of the inflow segment and the profile of Q_v/Q_in versus z_in*. Based on the numerical results in homogeneous and isotropic basins with different basin length–depth ratios in the current study, the ratio of inflow in the lower half part of a flowing well to the total inflow is found to be at least 67% and could be close to 100%, indicating that water at the outlets of flowing wells with long open sections is mainly from the deep part of the well.     

利用现代小地震分布研究1861年辽宁普兰店东6级地震的震中位置和发震构造

1861年7月19日发生在辽宁省普兰店东的6级地震在不同目录及研究中给出的震中位置有很大差异。总结以往对此次地震震中位置的研究,大致涉及4个不同地点。本文对分布在该区的现代小震进行重新定位,结果表明,小震活动在普兰店以东地区形成明显的北西向优势分布。综合分析1861年普兰店东6级地震的主要破裂方向为北西向,受北东向金州断裂北西向普兰店长海断裂的双重控制。