Die Alpin-Mediterrane Metallogenese

Zusammenfassung Die ostmediterrane Erzprovinz, die Kleinasien und die Balkanhalbinsel umfaßt, ist gekennzeichnet durch die enge Bindung ihrer Lagerstätten an die sehr zahlreichen sichtbaren Zentren des alpidischen Magmatismus. In der karpatisch-alpinen Erzprovinz sind die Lagerstätten räumlich, zeitlich und stofflich mit der alpinen Kristallisationsmetamorphose verknüpft. Sie finden sich häufig an Überschiebungsflächen und ihre vorwiegende Form ist die der metasomatischen Lager. In der westmediterranen Erzprovinz, vor allem im Atlas-Gebirge, treten die Lagerstätten an steilen Brüchen und z. T. auch in flachen, selektiv verdrängten oder imprägnierten Schichten auf. Trotz dieser Unterschiede, die durch das regionale geologische Milieu erklärt werden können, zeigen die drei alpin mediterranen Erzprovinzen wichtige Gemeinsamkeiten: gleiches Alter wie der alpine Magmatismus in der ganzen Kette, Vorherrschen der Metalle Cu, Au, Fe (als Siderit) im Nordstamm und der Metalle Pb, Zn, Sb, Cr im Südstamm des Orogens und die Abwesenheit bzw. das Zurücktreten von Co, Ni, U, Sn. Die Vererzungsdichte in den drei Provinzen ist ähnlich, die Lagerstättenformen sind verschieden.

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The Eastern Mediterranean ore province covering Asia and the Balkan-countries is characterized by a direct relation of its deposits to the mostly visible centres of the alpine magmatism. In the Alpine-Carpathian province the deposits are related to the Alpine metamorphism by distribution, age and substantial composition. They frequently occur along overthrust planes and many of them are replacement bodies. The deposits in the Western-Mediterranean province, especially in the Atlas Mountains, are to be found in steep faults- and partially in flat layers being impregnated and selectivity replaced. In spite of such differences which can be understood by the regional geological environment, the three Alpine-Mediterranean metallogenetic provinces show some important common features: they are contemporaneous with the alpine magmatism in the whole belt and Cu, Au, Fe (siderite) predominate in the northern wing, while Pb, Zn, Sb, Cr do so in the southern wing. Co, Ni, U, Sn, are nearly absent. The intensity of the mineralisation in the three provinces is similar whereas the forms of the deposits are different.

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Résumé La province métallogenique de la Mediterranée Orientale qui comprend l'Anatolie et la Peninsule Balkanique, est characterisée par un rapport étroit de ses gisements avec les nombreuses centres d'un magmatisme visible. Dans la province Carpatho-alpine les gisements sont liés par space, par âge et par substance avec le métamorphisme alpin. Ils se trouvent souvent dans les surfaces de charriage et leur forme prépondérante est celle des amas de substitution. Dans la province occidentale, surtout dans la chaine de l'Atlas, les gisements apparaissent dans des failles verticales et aussi dans des couches horizontales, formées par imprégnation et substitution sélective. Malgrès ces differences, qui sont explicables par le milieu géologique regional, les trois provinces métallogeniques ont des traits communs essentiels: Contemporainité avec le magmatisme alpin dans toute la chaine, préponderance de Cu, Au, siderose dans le rameau septentrional du système orogenique, préponderance du Pb, Zn, Sb et Cr dans le rameau méridional et l'absence quasi-totale du Co, Ni, U, Sn. L'intensité de la mineralisation dans les trois provinces se resemble, mais les formes des gisements sont differents.

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TESSIN VISLab—laboratory for scientific visualization

Scientific visualization is an integral part of the modeling workflow, enabling researchers to understand complex or large data sets and simulation results. A high-resolution stereoscopic virtual reality (VR) environment further enhances the possibilities of visualization. Such an environment also allows collaboration in work groups including people of different backgrounds and to present results of research projects to stakeholders or the public. The requirements for the computing equipment driving the VR environment demand specialized software applications which can be run in a parallel fashion on a set of interconnected machines. Another challenge is to devise a useful data workflow from source data sets onto the display system. Therefore, we develop software applications like the OpenGeoSys Data Explorer, custom data conversion tools for established visualization packages such as ParaView and Visualization Toolkit as well as presentation and interaction techniques for 3D applications like Unity. We demonstrate our workflow by presenting visualization results for case studies from a broad range of applications. An outlook on how visualization techniques can be deeply integrated into the simulation process is given and future technical improvements such as a simplified hardware setup are outlined.     

Integrating Multiple Natural Tags to Link Migration Patterns and Resource Partitioning Across a Subtropical Estuarine Gradient

Establishing links between migration patterns and trophic dynamics is paramount to ecological studies investigating the functional role habitats provide to resident and transient species. Natural tags in fishes, such as otolith chemistry and tissue stable isotopes, can help reconstruct previous environmental and dietary histories, although these approaches are rarely combined. A novel multiproxy natural tag approach was developed to estimate immigration patterns of juvenile Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus, across contrasting salinity gradients in three subtropical estuaries of the western Gulf of Mexico. Juvenile young-of-year Atlantic croaker were collected along a latitudinal gradient that included positive, neutral, and negative estuaries, based on physicochemical (temperature, salinity, dissolved element) and isotopic (δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C) parameters. Otolith elemental chronologies of Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca were used to classify migratory types within each estuary, while tissue-specific isotope ratios revealed time since recent (liver~weeks) and longer term (muscle~months) diet shifts. Nitrogen isotopes in both liver and muscle tissues were highly correlated, suggesting tissue equilibrium and estuarine residence of at least 3 months, with geographic δ¹⁵N gradients reflecting the magnitude of anthropogenic nutrient enrichment within each estuary. Differences in isotopic equilibrium of muscle-liver δ¹³C values and variation in marginal edge otolith Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca suggested recent shifts in carbon source and habitat utilization, reflecting individualized movement across seascapes and connectivity of habitat mosaics. The multiproxy approach presented here identified diverse migration patterns and linked feeding and movement on regional (inter-estuary), local (intra-estuary), and individual scales to improve our understanding of habitat function across estuarine gradients.     

Über die Form andiner Krustenbewegungen und ihre Beziehungen zur Sedimentation

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

New insights into Southern Caucasian glacial–interglacial climate conditions inferred from Quaternary gastropod fauna

In the present study, we performed gastropod analyses on loess–palaeosol sequences from northeast Armenia (Southern Caucasia) covering at least three glacial–interglacial cycles. The elaborated ecostratigraphy shows significant patterns of species composition related to the succession of pedocomplexes and loess, respectively. Pedocomplexes included species that can be associated with high-grass to forest-steppe biomes, indicating increased humidity for these sections compared to the loess layers. In contrast, loess layers that relate to glacial periods are associated with gastropod species of semidesert environments with shrub- and shortgrass-steppes, indicating semiarid to arid conditions. Furthermore, the loess deposits do not show any evidence for cold-adapted gastropod species. Therefore, we suggest that average July temperatures in the study area were above 10 °C, even during periods of loess deposition. Consequently, we propose that the limiting factor for tree growth during glacial periods was aridity, rather than temperature. In addition, we observe environmental differences between the various glacial times, with our results indicating a trend towards steadily increasing aridity in Southern Caucasia across the Middle to Late Pleistocene.     

Optimierung des Belebungsverfahrens durch Minimierung des Volumens von Belebungs- und Nachklärbecken

The separate examination of the processes of the settling and thickening of activated sludge allows us to minimize the volumes of aeration tanks and final clarification tanks. The following initial quantities are given: wastewater quantity, inflow and outflow concentrations of BOD₅, wastewater temperature and reflux ratio of activated sludge and, in addition, three parameters of the thickening behaviour of activated sludge as well as a parameter for the bioactivity of sludge, which are to be determined in an experimental plant. From this, the optimum concentration of the activated sludge in the aeration tank is calculated at which the total of volumes for aeration tank and final clarification tank becomes a minimum. The process is carried out numerically by an example.     

Assessing the saltwater remediation potential of a three-dimensional,heterogeneous, coastal aquifer system

This paper evaluates the remediation potential of a salinized coastal aquifer by utilizing a scenario simulation. Therefore, the numerical model OpenGeoSys is first validated against analytical and experimental data to represent transient groundwater level development and variable density saline intrusion. Afterwards, a regional scale model with a three-dimensional, heterogeneous hydrogeology is calibrated for a transient state and used to simulate a best-case scenario. Water balances are evaluated in both the transient calibration and scenario run. Visualization techniques help to assess the complex model output providing valuable insight in the occurring density-driven flow processes. Furthermore, modeling and visualization results give information on the time scale for remediation activities and, due to limitations in data quality and quantity reveal potential for model improvement.