Die Bedeutung der Strahlungskurve nach den Anschauungen von Bacsák im Zusammenhang mit den Untersuchungen von Milankovitch und Woerkom

Zusammenfassung Gegen die Strahlungskurve ist in steigendem Ma\e eingewandt worden, da\ dieKöppensche Zuordnung der Kältezacken zu denPenckschen Eiszeiten nicht möglich sei; insbesondere wird die Dreiteilung der Würm-Eiszeit abgelehnt. Die Neuberechnung der Kurve durchWoerkom beseitigt diese Schwierigkeit, wenn man die frühere Zacke W I der Ri\ eiszeit zuordnet und das W II als schwächere Phase erkennt, die dann vom Hauptwürm (früheren W III) überfahren wurde. Diese Auffassung wird durch C¹⁴-Messungen und Altersbestimmungen aus Tiefsee-Bohrkernen nachEmiliani gestützt, ferner durch Betrachtungen über die allgemeine Zirkulation, die ein Zusammenwirken der beiden Halbkugeln begründen. –Bacsák hat die Klimaverhältnisse der äquatorialzone untersucht und Ergebnisse gefunden, die mit denen vonWundt übereinstimmen. Des weiteren hat er die Lage der Planetenbahnen zur Erdbahn als Ursache von Eiszeitperioden herangezogen; solche können ganz allgemein durch überlagerung periodischer Funktionen begründet werden, wobei aber für die vor dem Quartär liegenden Zeiten eine wachsende überdeckung durch andere Ursachen, z. B. durch veränderte Meer- und Landbedeckung, in Rücksicht zu ziehen ist.

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Summary One of the objections against the radiation curve is thatKöppen's correlation of the minima withPenck's ice ages is not possible. Especially the tripartition of the Würm glacial is not accepted. The improved curve byWoerkom overcomes this difficulty if the former minimum W I is correlated with the Ri\ glacial, and W II is taken as a weak minimum which was overridden by the main Würm (former W III). This assumption is supported by radiocarbon dates and by datings of deep-sea cores (Emiliani), and by reflections on the general circulation in both hemispheres.Bacsák has explored the climatic conditions in the equatorial region and his results fit with those ofWundt. He has also regarded the relation of the orbits of the planets to the orbit of the earth as one cause for Ice ages. But in pre-Quaternary times, other causes (e.g. changed distribution of seas and continents) may be more effective than this influence.

     

Über die Installation einer Apparatur für die Analyse des atmosphärischen Kohlensäuregehalts

Zusammenfassung Die im vorläufigen Bericht beschriebene Anlage für die Analyse von atmosphärischem CO₂-Gehalt wurde vervollständigt. Es können nunmehr kontinuierliche Analysen sowie Einzelanalysen mit Gaspipetten ausgeführt werden. Die Arbeitsweise wird beschrieben und einige Resultate werden mitgeteilt. Es kann mit einer Messgenauigkeit von ±0.3 ppm gerechnet werden.

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Summary The second and the third part of the installation of the equipment for measuring the CO₂ content in the atmospheric air has been accomplished. It is now possible to make continuous local air analysis, and of samples collected in pipettes. The procedure is described and a few results reported. The measurement accuracy lies to within ±0.3 ppm.

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Riassunto Sono state completate la seconda e la terza parte dell'apparecchiatura per la misura del CO₂ atmosferico. Esse permettono l'analisi continua dell'aria locale e l'analisi di campioni raccolti in pipette; di queste si riporta un esempio. La precisione della misura è di ±0.3 ppm.

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Meteorologisches Institut der Universität Stockholm. Contribution No. 164.     

Designing river water quality policy interventions with scarce data: the case of the Middle Tagus Basin,Spain

ABSTRACT

Anthropic pressures deteriorate river water quality, so authorities need to identify their causes and define corrective actions. Physically based water quality models are a useful tool for addressing physicochemical pollutants, but they must be calibrated with an amount of data that is often unavailable. In this study, we explore the characterization of a model to design corrective interventions in a context of sparse data. A calibration indicator that is both simple and flexible is proposed. This approach is applied to the Middle Tagus Basin in central Spain, where the physicochemical concentration of pollutants is above legal standards. We quantify the effects of the main existing pressures (discharge from wastewater treatment plants, agricultural diffuse pollution and a major inter-basin water transfer) on the receiving waters. In particular, the study finds that wastewater treatment plant effluent concentrations should be reduced to up to 0.65 mg/L of ammonium and 0.55 mg/L of phosphate to achieve the environmental goals. We propose and prioritize a set of policy actions that would contribute to the good status of surface water bodies in the region.     

The great 1983 floods in South American large rivers: a continental hydrological modelling approach

ABSTRACT

This study provides a spatio-temporal analysis of the great floods that occurred in South America in 1983 using hydrometeorological data and outputs from a continental-scale hydrological-hydrodynamic model. In the extreme year 1983, there were three main flooding periods (February, June and July) in many South American river basins, such as the Araguaia, Tocantins, São Francisco, Uruguay, La Plata and its tributaries, resulting in high discharge of the Paraguay River for many months. Depth–area–duration curves show that 3-day precipitation events in northern regions of South America were among the largest 15 events in the period 1980–2015 but only for specific locations, whereas in southern areas, the most extreme events in the same period were for larger durations (≥7-day precipitation). Modelled total export of water volume to the oceans indicates that rivers draining to the South Atlantic reached an anomaly of 3.7 during 1983, followed by 1998 (1.9) and 1992 (1.1), all of them corresponding to El Niño years.     

Revision of lunar Rb-Sr ages

Becalibration of ‘spikes’ using stoichiometric Rb and Sr salts recently issued by the National Bureau of Standards shows that our determinations of the ratio ${}^{87}\text{Rb}{}^{86}\text{Sr}$ in lunar samples have been low by 1.8 per cent, which we attribute to non-stoichiometry of the salts previously used for calibration, particularly RbCl. As a result, our lunar age-determinations must be decreased by this amount.     

Volcanology and petrology of the Assab Range (Ethiopia)

The results of petrological and volcanological investigations of the Assab area (Ethiopia) are reported. Fissure activity — which produced basaltic lava flows and several spatter cones — and central activity — represented by a cumulus dome and two explosive craters — have been recognized. The area is characterized by E-W and NE-SW tectonic trends, whereas the NNW-SSE « Eritrean trend » is absent. Transverse tectonics is limited to the blocks bordering the Danakil Depression, and never extends into the Depression itself. Mineralogical composition and chemical data point to an alkaline nature of the Assab lavas, which have been classified as: picritic basalts tending to ankaramites; alkali olivine basalts; hawaiites; and all the rock types ranging from mugearites to trachytes. Two rock groups have been identified which could be due to crystal fractionation processes controlled by different degree of oxidation. The petrological difference between the rocks from Afar proper and those from the Danakil block (unquestionably alkaline rock types in the Danakil block, and transitional rock types in Afar) is emphasized.     

Proneofiber, a new genus of vole (Cricetidae: Rodentia) from the Pleistocene Seymour Formation of Texas,and its evolutionary and stratigraphic significance

A new genus and species of a microtine rodent, Proneofiber guildayi, is named on the basis of rooted teeth with cement from the warm Gilliland local fauna, Seymour Formation of Pleistocene age, Knox County, Texas. Proneofiber guildayi is considered to be ancestral to Neofiber, the round-tailed water rat, now living in the extreme southeastern United States. The presence of Pleistocene faunas prior to the first continental glaciation and the existence of three Pearlette-like volcanic ashes in the Plains Region suggest a revision of the age assignment of Pleistocene deposits from the nonglaciated region.     

Disturbances due to time-dependent body forces in a non-isotropic elastic medium

Summary In this paper, the disturbances produced due to time-dependent body forces in an anisotropic elastic medium resting on a semi-infinite non-isotropic layer have been discussed.     

On the wave propagation in inhomogeneous non-isotropic media

Summary FollowingEason, we have discussed here the propagation of elastic waves in non-homogeneous spheres and cylinders when the curved surface is given a uniform normal loading. The material is assumed to be transversely isotropic with respect to a direction of symmetry, the stress and displacement components within the body may be assumed to depend on one space co-ordinate and time alone. The particular case in which the elastic parameters are proportional to (radius) ⁿ has been considered.