不同UV-B辐射时间对菹草表型可塑性的影响

菹草(Potamogeton crispus)衰亡的原因一直是水体生态修复的研究热点。已有的研究认为,强光照是促进菹草衰亡的关键因素。分别将菹草幼苗置于150μW/cm2剂量的中波紫外线(UV-B,波长为275~320 nm)辐射下,设置4种UV-B辐射持续时间处理,其每日的持续辐射时间分别设定为0 h(对照处理)、2 h、4 h和6 h,对照处理下的菹草幼苗不接受UV-B辐射,仅接受长波紫外线(UV-A)辐射和光合有效辐射,监测各处理下菹草幼苗的生长、形态状况、石芽形成和萌发等指标。研究结果表明,每日6 h的UV-B辐射,能促进菹草分枝,且能促进菹草衰亡;2 h和4 h的UV-B辐射,对菹草的影响较小,随着UV-B辐射时间的延长,菹草植株的株高、节间距和单株鲜质量明显下降,每日2 h的UV-B辐射,能促进植株叶面积的增加;每日延长UV-B辐射时间,可以促进石芽的形成,但形成的石芽随着变态率的增加,其长度增加、宽度减小,石芽质量减轻,下一个生长季的萌发率降低,萌发出二苗的比率降低,萌发苗的各项生长指标随着辐射剂量增加而逐渐降低。因此,在春末、夏初,随着太阳辐射时间的增加,阳光中累计的UV-B辐射剂量增加,这可能是促进菹草大批衰亡的重要原因。     

Uncertainty analysis of space–time prisms based on the moment-design method

Space–time prism (STP) is an important concept for the modeling of object movements in space and time. An STP can be conceptualized as the result of the potential path of a moving object revolving around in the three-dimensional space. Though the concept has found applications in time geography, research on the analysis and propagation of uncertainty in STPs, particularly under high degree of nonlinearity, is scanty. Based on the efficiency and effectiveness of the moment-design (M-D) method, this paper proposes an approach to deal with nonlinear error propagation problems in the potential path areas (PPAs) of STPs and their intersections. Propagation of errors to the PPA and its boundary, and to the intersection of two PPAs is investigated. Performance of the proposed method is evaluated via a series of experimental studies. In comparison with the Monte Carlo method and the implicit function method, simulation results show the advantages of the M-D method in the analysis of error propagation in STPs.     

Influence of urban expansion on the urban heat island effect in Shanghai

The urban heat island (UHI) effect resulting from rapid urbanization is attracting increasing attention among the global scientific community. This research analyzed the relationship between urban expansion and the UHI effect utilizing an integrated approach, including urban land interpretation and retrieving land surface temperature based on remote sensing, and spatial overlay analysis for revealing the relationship for different time periods between 1984 and 2014 in Shanghai, China. The results show that (1) the spatiotemporal changes in UHI are consistent with the expansion of urban land, and rapid urban expansion leads to an expansion of the UHI, in particular along roadways. (2) The mode of urban expansion is an important factor influencing the UHI effect. Urban sprawl (urban expansion in the edge-expansion way) is a form of typical expansion that leads to the rapid increase in the UHI. When the urban compactness ratio is less than 0.15, a compact design can effectively control the expansion rate of the UHI and mitigate its range of influence and intensity. However, when the urban compactness ratio is greater than 0.15, the urban design has a marked influence on the UHI ratio index: a more compact form produces a stronger UHI effect. So, finding an equilibrium between urban compactness ratio and urban expansion rate is good for effective urban management and planning.     

Effects of experimental warming on soil microbial communities in two contrasting subalpine forest ecosystems,eastern Tibetan Plateau,China

Soil microbial communities are primarily regulated by environmental temperature. Our study investigated the effects of global warming on soil microbial community composition as measured via phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and soil chemical characteristics in relation to soil depth in a dragon spruce plantation and a spruce-fir-dominated natural forestin the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. Open-top chambers were utilized to increase the soil and air temperature. Soil samples were collected from the 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm layers after a 4-year warming. Our results showed that the soil microbial community and the contents of TC (Total carbon), TN (Total nitrogen), NO ₃ ^- , and NH ₄ ⁺ responded differently to warming in the two contrasting forests, especially at the 0-10 cm soil depth. Warming increased soil microbial biomass at the 0-20 cm depth of soil in natural forest but reduced it at the 0-10 cm depth ofsoil in the plantation. In contrast, the TC and TN contents were reduced in most soil layers of a natural forest but increased in all of the soil layers of the plantation under warming conditions. This result suggested that the effects of warming on soil microbial community and soil C and N pools would differ according to soil depth and forest types; thus, the two contrasting forests would under go differing changes following the future climate warming in this region.     

Characteristics of viscous debris flow in a drainage channel with an energy dissipation structure

A new type of drainage channel with an energy dissipation structure has been proposed based on previous engineering experiences and practical requirements for hazard mitigation in earthquakeaffected areas. Experimental studies were performed to determine the characteristics of viscous debris flow in a drainage channel of this type with a slope of 15%. The velocity and depth of the viscous debris flow were measured, processed, and subsequently used to characterize the viscous debris flow in the drainage channel. Observations of this experiment showed that the surface of the viscous debris flow in a smooth drainage channel was smoother than that of a similar debris flow passing through the energy dissipation section in a channel of the new type studied here. However, the flow patterns in the two types of channels were similar at other points. These experimental results show that the depth of the viscous debris flow downstream of the energy dissipation structure increased gradually with the length of the energy dissipation structure. In addition, in the smooth channel, the viscous debris-flow velocity downstream of the energy dissipation structure decreased gradually with the length of the energy dissipation structure. Furthermore, the viscous debris-flow depth and velocity were slightly affected by variations in the width of the energy dissipation structure when the channel slope was 15%. Finally, the energy dissipation ratio increased gradually as the length and width of the energy dissipation structure increased; the maximum energy dissipation ratio observed was 62.9% (where B = 0.6 m and L/w = 6.0).     

Size distributions and source function of sea spray aerosol over the South China Sea

The number concentrations in the radius range of 0.06 – 5 μm of aerosol particles and meteorological parameters were measured on board during a cruise in the South China Sea from August 25 to October 12, 2012. Effective fluxes in the reference height of 10 m were estimated by steady state dry deposition method based on the observed data, and the influences of different air masses on flux were discussed in this paper. The number size distribution was characterized by a bimodal mode, with the average total number concentration of(1.50 ± 0.76)×10~3 cm~(-3). The two mode radii were 0.099 μm and 0.886 μm, both of which were within the scope of accumulation mode. A typical daily average size distribution was compared with that measured in the Bay of Bengal. In the whole radius range, the number concentrations were in agreement with each other; the modes were more distinct in this study than that abtained in the Bay of Bengal. The size distribution of the fluxes was fitted with the sum of log-normal and power-law distribution. The impact of different air masses was mainly on flux magnitude, rather than the shape of spectral distribution. A semiempirical source function that is applicable in the radius range of 0.06 μmr_(80)0.3 μm with the wind speed varying from 1.00 m s~(-1) to 10.00 m s~(-1) was derived.     

Study on biogenic amines in various dry salted fish consumed in China

This study was carried out to investigate the biogenic amines（BAs）, physicochemical property and microorganisms in dry salted fish, a traditional aquatic food consumed in China. Forty three samples of dry salted fish were gathered from retail and wholesale markets and manufacturers, which had been produced in various regions in China. Cadaverine（CAD） and putrescine（PUT） were quantitatively the most common biogenic amines. About 14% of the samples exceeded the histamine content standards established by the FDA and/or EU. The highest histamine content was found in Silver pomfret（Pampus argenteus）(347.79 mg kg^-1). Five of forty three samples exceeded the acceptable content of TYR(100 mg kg^-1), and 23.26% of dried-salted fish contained high contents of biogenic amines(above 600 mg kg^-1). In addition, species, regions, pickling processes and drying methods made the physicochemical property, microorganisms and biogenic amines in dry salted fish to be different to some extents. The total plate count（TPC） was much higher than that of total halophilic bacteria in all samples. The biogenic amines, physicochemical property and microbiological counts exhibited large variations among samples. Furthermore, no significant correlation between biogenic amines and physicochemical property and TPC was observed. This study indicated that dry salted fish may still present healthy risk for BAs, depending on the processing methods, storage conditions among others.     

大地电磁测深（MT）与土壤氡气测量在涡阳地区地热勘查中的应用

为了研究涡阳地区深部构造和热源条件,在高炉镇附近进行了大地电磁测深(MT)测量和土壤氡气测量工作。通过对大地电磁测深结果和土壤氡气浓度异常分布范围分析和解释,指导区内地热勘查工作。通过资料解释,基本查明区内构造的走向及其垂向延展特征,查明基底起伏变化情况并了解深断裂的控制性,预测地热成矿区有利地段。研究证明,利用MT与土壤氡气测量对隐伏断裂位置和地热异常具有较好的指示意义。     

20世纪40年代初以来中国大陆沿海主要海湾形态变化

受气候变化和人类活动的影响,中国海岸带正在经历各种剧烈的变化,海湾形态变化是其中的一个重要方面.基于地形图资料与遥感影像提取20世纪40年代初至2014年7个时相的中国大陆沿海主要海湾的空间信息,进而分析海湾岸线类型结构,开发利用程度和空间位置的变化特征,以及海湾面积,形状和重心分布的变化特征.结果表明,20世纪40年代初以来,中国大陆沿海主要海湾的形态变化显著且复杂,主要体现为:海湾岸线的结构变化显著,自然岸线的长度和比例急剧减少;海湾岸线的开发利用程度持续增强;海湾岸线普遍背陆向海运动;海湾面积普遍大幅萎缩;海湾形状总体趋向复杂但个体间的差异在缩小;海湾重心分布位置普遍背陆向海迁移;海湾变化具有显著的时空差异性等.总的来说,以围填海为主的人类活动是导致海湾发生上述变化特征的主要原因.通过研究,指出应该对中国的海湾进行功能定位划分和分类管理,通过强化以海湾为基本单元的管理,促进中国海岸带综合管理能力的提高和管理目标的实现.     

吉林白山刘家堡子狼洞沟金银矿床地球化学特征及成因探讨

通过对刘家堡子-狼洞沟金银矿床地质、成矿元素和同位素地球化学特征的分析和研究,发现矿区内近EW向和NE向断裂构造是主要容矿构造;最佳找矿元素前缘晕组合为As-Sb-Zn,矿上晕元素组合为Au-Ag-Pb-Hg,尾晕元素组合为Ni-Cu-Co;成矿作用中,古老基底中元古宙老岭群变质岩系为成矿提供了丰富的物质来源,而燕山期构造岩浆活动在提供成矿物质的同时还提供了热动力。刘家堡子-狼洞沟金银矿床应划属为与燕山晚期超浅成中酸性岩浆岩有关的中低温热液构造裂隙充填型金银矿床。