Geochemistry of hydrothermal alteration at the Roosevelt hot springs thermal area,Utah

Hot spring deposits in the Roosevelt thermal area consist of opaline sinter and sintercemented alluvium. Alluvium, plutonic rocks, and amphibolite-facies gneiss have been altered by acidsulfate water to alunite and opal at the surface, and alunite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, and muscovite to a depth of 70 m. Marcasite, pyrite, chlorite, and calcite occur below the water table at about 30 m.The thermal water is dilute (ionic strength 0.1–0.2) sodium-chloride brine. The spring water now contains 10 times as much Ca, 100 times as much Mg, and up to 2.5 times as much SO₄ as the deep water. Although the present day spring temperature is 25°C, the temperature was 85°C in 1950.A model for development of the observed alteration is supported by observation and irreversible mass transfer calculations. Hydrothermal fluid convectively rises along major fractures. Water cools by conduction and steam separation, and the pH rises due to carbon dioxide escape. At the surface, hydrogen and sulfate ions are produced by oxidation of H₂S. The low pH water percolates downward and reacts with feldspar in the rocks to produce alunite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, and muscovite as hydrogen ion is consumed.     

Fore-arc evolution and continental growth: a general model

The extended evolution of fore-arc regions which leads to their eventual incorporation into stable kratonic continental crust is elucidated by a general model based upon observations from the modern circum-Pacific and the Palaeozoic Tasman Geosyncline.Fore-arc regions widen during subduction in the manner described by Karig & Sharman (1975). Their history, after subduction has ceased, depends upon the thickness of the accretionary prism formed during subduction. Where the prism is thick (ca. 20 km) kratonization is a single-step process. The fore-arc region remains above sea-level; post-arc silicic volcanics accumulate due to granitoid plutonism, the magmas being derived by melting of the subduction complex and from the oceanic lithosphere trapped beneath it. The volcanic arc subsides, becoming the site of a fore-deep.Intermediate-thickness accretionary prisms (ca. 16 km) are kratonized in a two-step process. They remain at shelf depths, while their associated volcanic arcs sink to comparable depths. Both acquire a post-arc shallow marine sequence of typical platform-cover facies. They are then deformed and intruded by granitoids when the crust attains critical thickness (ca. 20 km).Thin accretionary prisms (≤ 12 km) require a three-step process for kratonization. They and their associated arcs sink to bathyal depths. They are overwhelmed by prograding post-arc flysch deposits of continental origin. Deformation of the post-arc flysch and plutonism occur when critical crustal thickness (ca. 20 km) is attained. A transitional tectonic regime ensues, with molasse-like transitional basins preferentially sited over the extinct volcanic arcs and the thinner parts of buried accretionary prisms.The model satisfactorily explains the Late Proterozoic-Palaeozoic evolution of southeast Australia, where a 1000 km wide tract of continental crust was accreted to the Australian Kraton in 250–300 Ma, beginning as a S.W. Pacific-type oceanic terrain. It has been found useful for interpreting geosynclinal terrains in other continents.According to the model, the dynamic processes that contribute to kratonization are systematically causally connected. Kratonization is a unified, internally deterministic and self-sustaining phenomenon. The model has implications for the origin, ‘stratigraphy’ and composition of upper and lower continental crust; the origins and tectonic settings of ophiolites, granitoids, paired metamorphic belts and transitional basins; and for the nature and causes of orogenesis.     

Activation of zinc sulphide with CuII,CdII and PbII: I. Activation in weakly acidic media

During the activation of zinc sulphide with the heavy metal ions Cu^II, Cd^II and Pb^II, metal-ion uptake follows a logarithmic dependence on time. A reaction mechanism is proposed which is consistent with experimental observations. Incident radiation has a strong influence on the activation reaction, an effect which is interpreted in terms of semiconductor theory.     

Osumilite-sapphirine-quartz granulites from Enderby Land Antarctica — Mineral assemblages and reactions

The pre-Cambrian granulites of Enderby Land Antarctica, contain coexisting spinel-quartz, sapphirine-quartz, hypersthene-sillimanite-quartz and osumilite on a regional extent. Osumilite is present in a variety of mineral assemblages, most of which are documented in granulites for the first time. The mineral assemblages, reactions and compositional zoning in minerals are discussed in terms of continuous and discontinuous reactions in response to changing conditions of metamorphism. The development of many of the mineral coronas can be explained by continuous rather than discontinuous reactions, due to the effects of Mg-Fe and (Mg,Fe)-2Al exchange equilibria with decreasing temperature. The highest P-T conditions of metamorphism (8–10 kb, 900 °–980 ° C, Ellis, in preparation) were beyond the stability limit of coexisting garnet-cordierite. Secondary cordierite has developed through a large number of mineral reactions in response to cooling of these granulites.A theoretical analysis of the phase relations involving osumilite in the chemical systems K₂O-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ and K₂O-MgO-FeO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ is presented. In the pure Mg-system the lower temperature stability limit of Mg-osumilite is inferred to be defined with increasing pressure by the reactions OsCd+En+Kfeld+Qtz, OsSa+En+Kfeld+Qtz, OsSill+En+Kfeld+Qtz. In iron-bearing systems an important reaction involving osumilite is Os+GtCd+Hy+Kfeld+Qtz.At moderate temperatures and pressures, osumilite is limited to rocks which lie on the Mg-rich side of the Cd-Hy stable tie line on an AFM diagram. At higher pressures and temperatures osumilite occurs in a widerrange of rock compositions because of the stability of coexisting garnet and osumilite. Petrographic data, as well as chemographic relations indicate that for many common rock compositions, garnet, cordierite, hypersthene, sapphirine and sillimanite cannot coexist with both osumilite and K-feldspar.Published with the permission of the Director, Bureau of Mineral Resources     

Adularia,the characteristic mineral of felsic spilites

Sea floor rhyolites from the Iberian Pyrite Belt show strong enrichment in potassium and adularia is observed to replace plagioclase. This process is in accord with thermodynamic data for the exchange reaction with ocean water which favours adularia up to about 140° C. Archaean felsic intrusives and extrusives exhibit sodium enrichment, a contrast which we attribute to lower K levels in sea water and, or, higher ocean temperatures. All of these rocks show ¹⁸O enrichment of + 6 to + 8, in compliance with low temperature sea water exchange.     

Untersuchungen über den Sauerstoffhaushalt eines phytoplanktonreichen Fließgewässers (Untere Havel)

— Als Beitrag zur Erfassung des Stoffhaushalts phytoplanktonreicher Fließgewässer wurden am Beispiel der Unteren Havel bei Briest intensive Untersuchungen über den Sauerstoffhaushalt und die ihn beeinflussenden Faktoren durchgeführt. — Die nach der Odum -Methode errechnete Sauerstoffbruttoproduktion lag im Sommer zwischen 2,1 und 53,4 g O₂/m²d und im Whiter zwischen 0,6 und 18.0 g O₂/m²d. Die Respiration betrug im Sommer 0,6 … 26,4 g O₂/m²d und im Winter 0,0 … 8,4 g O₂/m²d. — Am nachhaltigsten wird der Sauerstoffhaushalt der Unteren Havel durch die Globalstrahlung beeinflußt. Nach einem extrem langen Winter kommt die verzögerte Phytoplanktonentwicklung explosionsartig zum Ausbruch, nach einem kurzen Winter entfaltet sich das Plankton allmählich. Davon abhängig gestaltet sich auch der Sauerstoffhaushalt des Gewässers im Frühjahr extrem unterschiedlich. — Der Gehalt an gelösten Nährstoffen zeigte eine sehr deutliche und starke Abhängigkeit von der Phytoplanktonentwicklung. — Die Fourieranalysen ergaben, daß vor allem bei den meteorologisch bedingten physikalischen Kriterien des Sauerstoffhaushaltes eindeutige Jahresperiodizitäten bestehen. — Für prognostische Zwecke wird die Bestimmung des Verhältnisses Globalstrahlung: Sichttiefe vorgeschlagen. Dieses Verhältnis zeigte bei Regressions- und Korrelationsberechnungen überwiegend signifikante Beziehungen zu den einzelnen Kriterien des Sauerstoffhaushaltes. Eine Überprüfung mittels Fourieranalyse ergab, daß eine eindeutige Jahresperiodizität vorhanden ist. Das Verhältnis Globalstrahlung: Sichttiefe eignet sich auch zur Kurz- und Langfristprognose der Wasserbeschaffenheit.     

Gustav Swoboda

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

The constant temperature-sum as a basis for forecasting flowering date

Summary Hertlein's thesis is discussed and criticized on points where apparently significance is attached to results which require stronger statistical proofs.