S—型花岗岩及其在北美西南部可能缺失

已经被用来(而且目前仍在继续使用)标定澳大利亚东南部的Lachlan褶皱带(LFB)中S-型花岗岩的一些标准在本文中又做了评述,而且与北美西南部的各种过铝花岗岩进行了比较。根据一些不充分的资料,其中的某些花岗岩已被归类为S-型花岗岩。实际上在LFB中所有的体积巨大的S-型花岗岩是近地表的岩基花岗岩,它们通常与S-型火山岩组合在一起,而不与区域变质岩和混合岩相伴生。这些花岗岩强烈地过铝,堇青石的存在则为一证据。含有原生白云母的花岗岩是很少见的。由于在沉积源岩的形成过程中化学风化作用的结果,所有这类花岗岩是低Na、Ca和Sr的。北美西南部不同时代的过铝花岗岩则有明显的差异。这些花岗岩很少含有堇青石(在LFB中,为S-型花岗岩的一个标志矿物),但是其中的某些花岗岩具有进一步演化的特点,以致结晶出富含Fe—Mn的石榴石。这些花岗岩主要是二云母花岗岩,与LFB中大多数过铝花岗岩相比,其结晶作用发生在水(?)度较高及深度更深的环境下。含堇青石的火山岩(S-型)至今未见报导。北美西南的过铝花岗岩总体上来讲是高Na的。这些岩石的某些具有奥长花岗岩的亲缘性,其母岩浆似乎很象是从遭受过改造的玄武质岩石经部分熔融而产生的。局部出现的某些过铝花岗岩(边缘至准铝型)可能是由于高层位的I-型花岗岩混染所造成的。这些岩石不是S-型花岗岩。到目前为止,仍没有提供充分的证据来证实北美西南部过铝花岗岩是S-型花岗岩。     

中元古代与新元古代期间碳酸盐岩组分的演化

中元古代与新元古代期间平均组分变化的主要趋势是在对采自乌拉尔,西伯利亚地台及其褶皱带的里菲期、文德期及早寒武世碳酸盐岩1277个样品的化学分析基础上建立起来的。从下里菲统到上里菲统,白云石/石灰石的比例递减,并且在文德统中重新升     

造山运动中的变质作用和重熔作用模式

本文建立了造山阶段变质作用和重熔作用过程热方式研究的二维模式,该模式为:(1)基性/超基性岩浆在大陆地壳中的侵入;(2)流体通过一垂直渗透带的流动;(3)结合前文的合成流体—岩浆模式。问题的解决是利用计算机通过有限差分法完成的,从有关6km厚的似板状侵入体的第一个模式中,可以得出重熔带的宽度在顶岩石中达1km,在底部岩石中达2.5km。在侵入体上部变质带的总厚度能达到5～6km,其中包括重熔的岩石,在地壳内不规则高温的总持续时间为6～9Ma。对于流体的初始温度为700℃、流动     

(哈萨克斯坦北部)科克切塔夫地块变质岩锆石和石榴石中的金刚石、柯石英及共生矿物包体

柯克切塔夫地块中的超高压变质岩石有两个产地,二者相距15km。超高压变质岩石以石榴黑云片麻岩和片岩、辉石碳酸盐岩及石榴辉石岩为代表。锆石中可含有微粒金刚石(5～20μ)和柯石英包体,而石榴石中仅含金刚石。作为石榴石包体的金刚石常与云母片和金红石颗粒共生,多为八面体、立方八面体、立方体和多晶集合体。石榴石和锆石中也含有单斜辉石、蓝晶石、金红石和石榴石包体。     

Cu-Ni矿床中作为成矿标志的矿物组合

矿源和成矿次序可以通过分析矿床的组构、矿物和化学成分进行研究。在前苏联和芬兰,对前寒武到中生代的Cu-Ni矿床中的硫化物及硫化物-硅酸盐矿物组合都进行过研究。这些矿物组合代表岩浆结晶作用、岩浆期后流体中沉积作用、岩浆退变中和不同级别区域变质中变质重结晶作用的不同阶段。这一研究强调了贵金属矿物作为成矿过程标志的作用。矿源主要在地幔,这些元素在地壳中重新分布,并且在有些情况下,地幔产生的岩     

Questions of migration and belonging: understandings of migration under neoliberalism in Ecuador

This paper explores alternative understandings and experiences of migration under neoliberalism in Ecuador. Through the case study, the study examines migrants' multiple motivations for mobility and their ambivalence toward the process. Insights from the transnational migration literature were drawn in order to think through the implications of an increasingly contradictory context of economic modernization and its impact upon the sense of possibilities and belonging of migrants. In-depth interviews with urban-destined migrants in Ecuador were drawn to argue that mobility produces ambivalent development subjects. This argument is developed in three sections. First, the paper centers on the epistemological and theoretical basis for the relevance of migrant narratives in extending theorizations of migration. Second, in-depth interviews with migrants to Quito are drawn to explore migrants' sense of belonging and regional affiliation, identity formation through migration, and experiences of alienation and disruption in their lives. Lastly, this paper concludes with a retheorization of the role of migration places in the migrant identity construction.     

斯林格兰姆法

斯林格兰姆法和突拉姆法一样,都属于低频电磁感应法,不过斯林格兰姆法采用偶极的发射线框,是一种动源的感应法,在苏联称作偶极剖面感应法.目前所用的标准仪器有瑞典的探矿枪、电磁枪、有加拿大的SE-600电磁水平(垂直)线框探矿仪.仪器的结构都相同,只是仪器的电子线路和工作频率有少许差别.仪器包括两只轻便的线框.一只是发射线框,另一只是接收线框.两只线框按不同方式排列,构成各种不同的线框系统.其中最常用的是共面的水平线框系统,即两线框相隔一定距离平行地面在同一水平内安放,在此情况下发射线框建立的一次场垂直地.面地下导电矿体中产生的涡流在空间形成二次场.此二次场的垂直分量可以分解成一个与一次场相位相同的分量(即     

Major Element, REE, and Other Trace Element Behavior in Amphibolite Weathering under Semiarid Conditions in Southern India

A body of komatiitic amphibolite, an enclave within the Archean high-grade orthogneisses in southern India, shows mild chemical weathering under semiarid conditions. Along fractures, chemical weathering has advanced (Chemical Index of Alteration &sqbl0;CIA&sqbr0;=53; CIA of fresh rock approximately 26) to the extent that secondary Mg-Fe-Al clay minerals have formed and the rock has turned brownish red, soft, and fine grained. The weathering process has resulted in the mobilization and redistribution of the so-called immobile elements Fe, Al, Ti, and REE effected by the nature of secondary mineral formation (talc vs. aluminous clay minerals) and also possibly by soil microbes. In the initial stages of secondary mineral formation, there is a small loss of Fe, Al, and REE (noticeably Eu). However, in the fracture zone as well as in the incipiently altered zone, there is significant REE enrichment, probably affected by a different precipitation mechanism. Mobilized REE may have come from a minor alteration of clinopyroxene.     

The influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the granulometric composition of Moscow morainic clay

The freeze-thaw cycling process considerably changes the composition,structure,and properties of soils.Since the grain size is the most important factor in determining soil characteristics,our current research primarily aims to investigate dynamic changes of the soil fraction when exposed to freeze-thaw conditions.We observed two series of Moscow morainic clayey specimens(g QmII):(I) the original series,and(II) the remolded series.We subjected each series of soil specimens to different frequencies of freeze-thaw cycles(3,6,20,and 40 cycles),and we used granulometric tests to analyze both series before and after exposure to freeze-thaw conditions.As a result of our experiments,the granulometric compositions tended to be distributed evenly after 40 freeze-thaw processes(i.e.,content of fraction for 0.1–0.05 mm was increased after 40 freeze-thaw cycles) because the division of coarse grains and the aggregation of fine grains were synchronized during the freeze-thaw process.The soil grains in both series changed bi-directionally.In the original series,changes of the sand grains were conjugated with the clay grains,and in the remolded series,changes of the sand grains were conjugated with the silt grains,because potential energy difference caused the division and aggregation processes to relate to the counteraction process.The even distribution of soil grain size indicated the state of equilibrium or balance.The granulometric compositions were altered the most during the sixth freeze-thaw cycle,because the coefficient of the intensity variation of the grain fineness(Kvar) had its maximum value at that time.