Metamorphic evolution of the High Himalayan Crystallines in SE Zanskar, India

ABSTRACT The High Himalayan Crystallines (HHC) of SE Zanskar consist of biotite paragneisses, of orthogneisses that derive from early-Palaeozoic granitoids, of minor metabasics and of post-metamorphic leucogranites of Miocene age. Two main metamorphic events have been documented in the HHC. The first event occurred at P= 12.0 ± 0.5 kbar and T= 750 ± 50° C in rare metabasics intruded by early-Palaeozoic granitoids. In the biotite paragneisses, thermobarometric estimates of the first event point to comparable T at P 4–5 kbar lower. The first event is followed by a pervasive syn-tectonic crystallization characterized by lower P and T. On the basis of the cooling ages of the metamorphic minerals and on the geological evidence, the second event is referred to the Tertiary Himalayan crystallization. Further petrological and geochronological studies are necessary to prove whether a few mineral relics ascribed to the first event define a polyphase Himalayan evolution or if they record the incomplete obliteration of an older history during the Himalayan event. The HHC of SE Zanskar show a decrease in metamorphic grade from the middle structural levels upward, close to the Kade unit, and downward, close to the Lesser Himalaya (from sillimanite-K-feldspar-biotite-bearing assemblages to kyanite-staurolite-muscovite-bearing assemblages). This metamorphic zonation is probably a consequence of the polyphase history of intracontinental thrusts and of the tectonic emplacement of hot crustal slabs within shallower and colder thrust sheets at relatively late stages of the continental collision between India and Eurasia.     

1979年7月热带地区的动能平衡

应用欧洲中期预报中心的FGGEⅢ-b个客观分析资料计算了1979年7月热带大气的动能平衡。热带环流系统的动能主要集中在定常涡旋部分。对流层下层,105°E和150°E为两半球间瞬变涡旋的通道。对流层上层,瞬变涡旋的通道和洋中槽相联系,位于150°E和30°W附近。 索马里急流是对流层下层制造动能的主要环流系统。对流层上层,南亚东风急流入口区制造动能,出口区破坏动能,其动能收支与中纬度西风急流相似。 非洲-阿拉伯海季风区和孟加拉湾—南海季风区的动能平衡很不相同。动能的垂直输送可能在季风环流中很重要。     

Zur derivativspektroskopischen Bestimmung der Ligninsulfonsäure in Gegenwart von Huminsäuren

A Specord M 40 device with the Date Handling 1 computer cassette was used for the derivative-spectroscopie determination of lignosulphonic acid. Because of the higher sensitivity and the better evaluable peaks, the 2nd derivation of the five possible derivations was used. The analysis method described in detail was tested with test substances on a surface water which was polluted with waste-products from the pulp industry. With the stated device parameters, the lignosulphonic acid up to 2 mg/l can be determined in the presence of humic acids and chlorolignosulphonic acids. In weakly polluted waters, as groundwaters and shore filtrates. still lignosulphonic acid concentrations of 0.1 mg/l can be detected after an adequate enrichment.     

RESOLUTION AND NMO-STRETCH: IMAGING BY STACKING1

We analyse the stacking process within the framework of imaging techniques. Our results show how the NMO stretch, traditionally looked upon as giving a negative contribution, can be utilized to improve the vertical resolution of the stacked data from a source deficient in low frequencies. The added bandwidth is provided by the spatial coherency of the energy emitted by a point source.     

Relation between source rock properties and wireline log parameters: An example from Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale, NW-Germany

The relationships between source rock quality and wireline log parameters were established for the Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale, the most prolific petroleum source rock of Central Europe. Wireline logs used are the gamma ray spectrometry, density, sonic and various resistivity logs. The organic geochemical parameters considered include the organic carbon content, hydrogen index, and the hydrocarbon potential expressed by pyrolysis yield. The case history presented is based on a continuous core through the entire Posidonia Shale interval from a location where this source rock is immature. Care was taken to detect and to avoid samples and log values influenced by bore hole roughness and fractures. Fair correlations were observed only between uranium content from gamma ray spectrometry log and organic carbon content. No correlation was recognized between uranium content and kerogen type as defined by hydrogen indices. For various reasons density, sonic, and resistivity logs did not provide useful data in this study.Three rock units with irregular, high and low uranium contents could be differentiated. Possible causes for this tripartition are different environments during deposition and postdepositional redistribution of uranium during early diagenesis and in association with fractures.     

The ophiolitic peridotites of the Western Alps: Record of the evolution of a small oceanic-type basin in the Mesozoic Tethys

Summary Among the ophiolitic peridotites upwelled during the opening of the small Mesozoic Tethys, two groups have been recognized in the sector of the Western Alps: a) EO ultramafics (Mt. Civrari and Monviso) which are very depleted in easily fusible elements and followed a very high temperature (starting from 1300°C) decompressional trajectory; b) LA (Lanzo) and WO (Tour Real) ultramafics which are less depleted, followed decompression at slightly lower temperature (< 1200 °C) and might represent sections of shallower subcontinental mantle. The peridotites are associated with magmatic sequences showing affinities with N-MORB. These sequences derive from partial melting processes which left residua similar to the EO peridotites, but probably different from the LA-WO peridotites. These evidences demonstrate that small oceanic-type basins like the Mesozoic western Tethys are associated with MORB-type magmatism, but include mantle sections recording different steps in the evolution of the basin. Moreover these Tethys-like basins closed a few tens of m.y. after opening and their formation seems to be controlled by active tectonism and by local perturbations of large scale geodynamic processes.

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Les péridotites ophiolitiques des Alpes occidentales: témoins de l'évolution d'un petit bassin de type oceanique dans la Téthys Mésozoique

Résumé Parmi les péridotites tectonitiques remontées dans la Téthys Mésozoique lors de son ouverture on reconnait dans le secteur des Alpes occidentales: a) des ultramafites appauvries en éléments incompatibles qui ont suivi une trajectoire décompressionale à tres haute température (1300 °C) (M. Civrari et Monviso: EO); b) des ultramafites moins appauvries qui ont suivi une trajectoire à plus basse température (< 1200 °C) et qui pourraient représenter des témoins de manteau sous-continental (Lanzo: LA; Tour Real: WO). Ces peridotites sont associées à des séries magmatiques à affinité de N-MORB. Les péridotites EO peuvent représenter les résidus de la fusion partielle qui a produit les séries magmatiques de type N-MORB, cela n'étant pas probablement possible pour les péridotites LA et WO. Bien que les séries magmatiques des petits bassins océaniques de la Tethys Mésozoique occidentale montrent en général des affinités MORB, les péridotites témoignent de differentes étapes d'évolution des bassins. De plus ces petits bassins ont été fermés quelques m.a. après leur ouverture et leur évolution semble liée à une tectonique tres active et à des perturbations locales des phénomènes géodynamiques à grande échelle.

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With 9 Figures

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This work is part of a C.N.R. (Centro di Studio sui Problemi dell'Orogeno dell Alpi Occidentali) programme.     

Survivality and Impaired Growth in Arsenic Treated Fingerlings of Channa punctatus,a Fresh Water Murrel

The LC₅₀-values of As³⁺-compounds for Channa punctatus are determined for a 48-h exposure to 19.4 (18.02… 21.3) mg/1 and for a 96-h exposure to 14.3 (13.06… 16.80) mg/1. At a long-time exposure to 7.0 mg/1 As³⁺, during the first seven days there does not occur any change of growth, then the growth in length and the increase in weight decreased by 6.6 and 11.7%, respectively, till the 31st day. At the same time, the RNA content of the muscle decreased by 11.5% to 966.7 μg/g fresh weight and the protein content decreased by 12.5 % to 95.39 mg/g fresh weight.     

Proterozoic deformation of the East Saharan Craton in Southeast Libya, South Egypt and North Sudan

The basement areas in Southeast Libya, South Egypt and North Sudan, west of the Nile, between Gebel Uweinat and the Bayuda Desert, are part of an approximately 1000-km-wide, complexly folded, polymetamorphic zone with a regional N-NNE-NE-ENE trend of foliation and fold axis. Since this belt extends southwestward into the area of Zalingei in the southern Darfur block (West Sudan), it is named the Northern Zalingei fold zone. Sr and Nd isotopic studies suggest that this zone is older than Pan-African and further indicate that, apart from Archean rocks in the Gebel Uweinat area, this belt is of Early-Middle Proterozoic age. An Early-Middle Proterozoic three-stage deformational and anatectic event established the present-day fold and fault geometry in the western parts of this zone in the Gebel Uweinat—Gebel Kamil area. The Pan-African tectono-thermal episode was most effective in the eastern part of the belt, near the boundary with the Nubian Shield volcano-sedimentary-ophiolite-granitoid assemblages. It caused migmatization, granite emplacement, mylonitization and large-scale wrench faulting which was related to Late Proterozoic accretionary and collisional events of the Arabian-Nubian Shield with the margin of the East Saharan Craton.