沉积特征和波浪高度对描述海滩平衡剖面的形状参数的影响

形状参数可根据离岸距离和水深来确定海滩平衡剖面的形状。因此,形状参数应描绘所有环境因素对海滩剖面的影响,包括波浪气候和沉积物的特征。然而,所有的前人研究在定义形状参数时所考虑的只是沉积物的特征。本文研究的主要目的是在对海滩剖面定义时加上波浪气候因素,通过海浪波能在破波带上每单位体积的衰减速率来获取其对形状参数的影响。通过研究平衡状态下波浪衰减速率,形成了包括波浪气候和沙滩颗粒大小两种参数的海滩平衡剖面的新的定义理论。研究发现,沉积物的颗粒大小和波浪高度对海滩的形状参数的值有着显著的影响,而波浪周期的影响可忽略不计。通过能量守恒,也可获取在宏观尺度上波浪能量的强度对不同粒度大小的海滩剖面的影响。研究结果可用来解释两个任意拥有相同的沉积粒度海滩剖面,却有着不同的海滩剖面的组成结构。总之,本文通过增加波浪高度因素来定义形状参数,发展了Moore（1982）给出的海滩剖面的描述参数。     

震动使断层松动

地震经常在其他断层上诱发余震，但其机理依然难以确定。一种创新的分析使我们获得关于由地震波通过引起动应力效应的新认识。     

用初至P波确定震级：单台方法

受地震预警系统研究与应用近期取得成功的促使，我们研究了地震震级与单台接收的前3秒P波性质之间的关系。利用台湾宽频地震台阵的NACB台站记录到的震中距小于100km的46个地震的波形，我们发现高达6．5级地震的震级与初至P波特征周期的对数有线性相关关系。我们还发现，M〈6．5级地震的震级与初至P波的峰值振幅存在确定性的关系。虽然更大地震的初至P波峰值振幅的行为有待进一步研究，但我们建议在现场（单台）地震早期预警操作中联合使用前3秒初至P波的特征频率和峰值振幅。     

非线弹性引起的地震尾波

岩石的非线弹性响应在实验室中已被广泛地观测到，但在文献中却鲜有地震学研究方面的报道，尽管这是观测到这种特征的最自然的环境。由于难以获得非线性波传播问题的解析解，因此需要使用近似方法。显然，地震波在均匀的非线弹性介质中传播时将受到非线性的扰动。这种扰动可看作是时空中初至波能量散射和传播、产生地震尾波之源。这在某种意义上类似于非均匀性效应。由非线性引起的地震尾波性质与非线性大小以及地震矩有关。我们使用一种扰动方法计算散射波的振幅，并说明该方法能相当好地描述实际地震尾波的主要特征。     

断层面粗糙度随滑距的演化

地震时大部分断层位移发生在断层带内的主滑动面上。虽然断层面形貌对地震和断层力学具有重要意义,但是在地震滑距尺度上几乎是未知的。我们使用新的基于激光技术的方法绘制了10μm～120m尺度范围内的暴露断层面。这些数据提供了首个定量证据显示断层面粗糙度随滑距递增而变化。长度在10μm到大于100m范围内的数千条剖面表明,在平行滑动方向上小滑距断层(滑距<1m)比大滑距断层(滑距为10m～100m或更大)粗糙。小滑距断层表面在全部观测尺度上都有凹凸体,而大滑距断层面是平滑的,且长达1～2m的纵剖面上均方根(RMS)值小于3mm。大滑距断层面表现为光滑的、拉长的、半椭圆状的、约1m高数米长的凸起。我们推断这些凸起随断层成熟进程不断演化。这种几何学上的差别显示,在相对成熟的断层上,地震的成核、发展和终止与新断层是根本不同的。     

REAL-TIME FILTERING OF DATA FROM MOBILE,PASSIVE REMOTE INFRARED SENSORS WITH PRINCIPAL COMPONENT MODELS OF BACKGROUND

Real-time monitoring of pollutant levels from a mobile measuring platform requires fast,flexible dataanalysis methods.This paper reports a method for rapid analysis of passive remotely sensed infrared datawith the aid of a Kalman filter.The background spectra produced by emission from the atmosphere aremodelled at the start of the data collection sequence with a simple principal components model obtainedby eigenanalysis of the initial‘blank’data taken with the spectrometer.The species of interest areincluded in the state space model by a separate measurement of their infrared spectra.It is demonstratedthat for best filter performance in detecting the simulated pollutant species SF_6 in the atmosphere,a filtermodel with two principal components describing the emission background works best.The filter‘maps’of SF_6 closely follow the integrated spectral intensities measured after removal of suitable backgrounds.     

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MULTIVARIATE CALIBRATION

With the goal of understanding global chemical processes,environmental chemists have some of the mostcomplex sample analysis problems.Multivariate calibration is a tool that can be applied successfully inmany situations where traditional univariate analyses cannot.The purpose of this paper is to reviewmultivariate calibration,with an emphasis being placed on the developments in recent years.The inverseand classical models are discussed briefly,with the main emphasis on the biased calibration methods.Principal component regression(PCR)and partial least squares(PLS)are discussed,along with methodsfor quantitative and qualitative validation of the calibration models.Non-linear PCR,non-linear PLSand locally weighted regression are presented as calibration methods for non-linear data.Finally,calibration techniques using a matrix of data per sample(second-order calibration)are discussed briefly.     

ESTIMATION OF ERRORS IN ABSORBANCE RATIO MEASUREMENTS

Ratio measurements are commonly used to address a variety of analytical problems in environmental,forensic and pharmaceutical laboratories.In absorbance ratioing techniques,analytical chemists rely onthe spectral features of the analyte(s)of interest.The absorbances at two wavelengths are monitored andthe ratio of these two absorbances is computed.This ratio is then used to confirm the identity of theanalyte(s)of interest,the purity of a product or the overlap of chromatographic peaks.These decisionsoften have far-reaching consequences(e.g.the identification of the source,biogenic or petrogenic,ofhydrocarbons in biological tissues or water).Given the cost and the liabilities associated with suchdecisions,it is unfortunate that these ratios are seldom reported with any statistical confidence.Thepurpose of this study is to delineate the parameters that affect absorbance ratio measurements.Themodels that can be used to estimate the statistical confidence in these measurements are derived andevaluated experimentally.The results show that these models can estimate the relative standard deviationsin absorbance ratios accurately.They can also estimate the effect of signal-to-noise ratio and the choiceof wavelengths on the precision of absorbance ratios.     

The 1997/1998 mass mortality of corals: effects on fish communities on a Tanzanian coral reef

The abnormally high surface temperatures in the world's oceans during 1997/1998 resulted in widespread coral bleaching and subsequent coral mortality. An experiment was performed to study the effects of this coral mortality as well as the influence of the structural complexity on fish communities on a Tanzanian coral reef. Changes in fish communities were investigated on plots of transplanted corals after 88% of these corals had died. A distinct shift in fish community composition was found, although diversity was not affected. Fish abundance rose by 39% mostly due to an increase in herbivores, which seemed to benefit from enhanced algal growth on the dead corals. Fish abundance, species diversity and community composition were also strongly influenced by the structural complexity provided by the live and dead corals. This suggests that a coral reef can support abundant and diverse fish populations also after the corals have died as long as the reef structure is sustained.