岩体爆破破碎的微观机理

利用扫描对三种岩石的岩体及有机平板玻璃的爆破破碎现象进行了观测,对观测结果进行了分析、对比与讨论,分析了爆破荷载作用下岩体破碎的微观机理。     

陕、甘、川邻区不同类型重晶石成矿条件与成因机理的讨论

勉县－略阳与大巴山区分火山岩与沉积岩两大成矿区,可划分４种主要的重晶石类型含磷（铀）型重晶石（东风沟式）、多金属矿型重晶石（东沟坝式）、沉积型重晶石（水平式）和沉积型伴生重晶石的毒重石（冉家坝式）矿床。重晶石成矿条件（钡源、构造条件与沉积环境）及成因机理各不相同。     

黄河流域水域生态系统服务与经济发展时空协调性

黄河流域对维护中国生态安全、促进社会经济发展具有重要的战略地位。基于2000、2005、2010、2015、2020年5期遥感解译数据和经济社会统计数据,测算了黄河流域9省71个市（州、盟）的水域生态系统服务价值,并通过构建生态系统服务与经济发展一致性指数对二者时空协调性进行分析。结果表明：（1）研究时段内,黄河流域水域面积逐年增加,其中上游地区增长最多、增幅较小,下游地区增长较多、增幅最大,中游地区有小幅度减少。从水域类型变化来看,水库坑塘增加最多、变化幅度最剧烈,滩地和滩涂面积缩小、变化较为平缓。（2）研究时段内,黄河流域水域生态系统服务价值逐年上升,但增幅逐渐趋缓,下游地区水域生态系统服务价值增幅最大、上游次之、中游最低,其中2015—2020年陕西省、山西省以及整个中游河段甚至出现了下降的情况。（3）总体上看,黄河流域水域生态系统服务与经济发展在研究时段内呈现出不协调状态,并以经济集聚高于生态系统服务集聚为主,并且长期保持不变,但这种不协调性在空间上出现分异,上游地区以生态系统服务集聚高于经济集聚类型为主,中、下游地区以及各省会城市以经济集聚高于生态系统服务集聚类型为主。     

卸载应力路径下黄土强度的神经网络预测

各种施工活动,将对应力状态与应力路径产生影响;在分析基坑开挖及隧道掘进等卸载作用对应力状态与应力路径影响的基础上,进行了不同应力路径的室内非常规三轴卸载试验,根据卸载试验结果,建立了以轴向与侧向卸(加)载增量比例、应力路径变化方向、卸(加)载前轴向与侧向初始固结应力为输入层参数、以轴向与侧向破坏应力为输出层参数的神经网络预测模型,并对卸载应力路径下黄土强度进行了神经网络预测及误差分析,其结果表明,预测值与试验值较为接近.     

Fluctuations in helium nuclear reaction-diffusion systems

In this paper the question about the space correlation of the fluctuation in helium nuclear reaction diffusion system has been analysed. We have introduced the diffusion term into master equation of the probability distribution function of density. The spectrum of fluctuation waves in helium nuclear reaction system have been obtained. There is a series of waves which described the propagation of the fluctuation moments of the local density. The instability of helium combustion at its beginning for the star which mass satisfyingM<2M may be related with those increasing fluctuation waves. We also use the bifurcation theory to deal with the partial differential equation of helium nuclear reaction system. The expression of supercritical ordinary bifurcation is obtained.     

A spatial parallel heuristic approach for solving very large‐scale vehicle routing problems

The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is one of the most prominent problems in spatial optimization because of its broad applications in both the public and private sectors. This article presents a novel spatial parallel heuristic approach for solving large‐scale VRPs with capacity constraints. A spatial partitioning strategy is devised to divide a region of interest into a set of small spatial cells to allow the use of a parallel local search with a spatial neighbor reduction strategy. An additional local search and perturbation mechanism around the border area of spatial cells is used to improve route segments across spatial cells to overcome the border effect. The results of one man‐made VRP benchmark and three real‐world super‐large‐scale VRP instances with tens of thousands of nodes verify that the presented spatial parallel heuristic approach achieves a comparable solution with much less computing time.     

中国气候区域

中国气候区域分划之演进,要可分为二期,即寇本(Koeppen)期与竺可桢期是也。寇本时期,对于世界气候之分类,以方法单纯,系统一律为其特色。寇本马东男(Emma de Mortonne)及希孟(J.Sion)三氏,无论分割全世界之气候区域,或一洲之气候区域,均取同一标准。其所采标准既普遍化,结果遂优劣互见。此种分类法最大之缺点,即在忽略足以使一地气候自成一类之重要气象因素。因此,     

Analysis of flash flood disaster characteristics in China from 2011 to 2015

Flash floods are one of the most disastrous natural hazards and cause serious loss of life and economic damage every year. Flooding frequently affects many regions in China, including periodically catastrophic events. An extensive compilation of the available data has been conducted across various hydroclimatological regions to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of flash floods in China. This inventory includes over 782 documented events and is the first step toward establishing an atlas of extreme flash flood occurrences in China. This paper first presents the data compilation strategy, details of the database contents, and the typical examples of first-hand analysis results. The subsequent analysis indicates that the most extreme flash floods originate mainly from small catchments over complex terrains and results in dominantly small- and medium-sized flooding events in terms of scales; however, these events, abrupt and seasonally recurrent in nature, account for a large proportion of the overall flooding-related disasters, especially disproportionately affecting elderly and youth populations. Finally, this study also recommends several immediate measures could be implemented to mitigate high impacts of deadly flash floods, although it still requires long-term significant efforts to protect human life and property in a country like China.     

Dynamics of soil organic carbon following land-use change: insights from stable C-isotope analysis in black soil of Northeast China

Intensive soil tillage is a significant factor in soil organic matter decline in cultivated soils. Both cultivation abandonment and foregoing tillage have been encouraged in the past 30 years to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and soil erosion. However, the dynamic processes of soil organic carbon (SOC) in areas of either continuous cultivation or abandonment remain unclear and inconsistent. Our aims were to assess and model the dynamic processes of SOC under continuous tillage and after cultivation abandonment in the black soil of Northeast China. Soil profiles were collected of cultivated or abandoned land with cultivation history of 0–100 years. An isotope mass balance equation was used to calculate the proportion of SOC derived from corn debris (C₄) and from natural vegetation (C₃) to deduce the dynamic process. Approximately 40% of SOC in the natural surface soil (0–10 cm) was eroded in the first 5 years of cultivation, increasing to about 75% within 40 years, before a slow recovery. C₄ above 30 cm soil depth increased by 4.5%–5% or 0.11–0.12 g·kg^?1 on average per year under continuous cultivation, while it decreased by approximately 0.34% annually in the surface soil after cultivation abandonment. The increase in the percentage of C₄ was fitted to a linear equation with given intercepts in the upper 30 cm of soil in cultivated land. A significant relationship between the change of C₄ and time was found only in the surface soil after abandonment of cultivation. These results demonstrate the loss and accumulation of corn-derived SOC in surface black soil of Northeast China under continuous tillage or cultivation abandonment.     

庐山“星子变质核杂岩”中海会花岗岩的锆石UPb年龄及大地构造意义

单颗锆石ＵＰｂ 年龄测定结果显示,星子变质核杂岩中的海会花岗岩岩体的形成年龄为１２２ Ｍａ～１３０ Ｍａ,表明星子变质核杂岩形成于中生代,这与当时华南岩石圈的伸展构造环境一致。花岗岩中１ ７２３±３４８ Ｍａ的残留锆石年代信息显示,海会花岗岩是由古元古代地壳重熔形成的。扬子古陆南缘确实存在古元古代的基底